Utilization of bidara arab leaf extract (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) as an antibacterial agent and Its application in herbal liquid soap formulation
Main Article Content
Abstract
Bidara arab leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) are known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which contribute to their antibacterial activity. These secondary metabolites make bidara arab leaves a promising natural source for antibacterial agents. In this study, the ethanol extract of bidara arab leaves was utilized and applied in the formulation of herbal liquid soap. The extraction process was carried out using the maceration method with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The extract was then evaluated for its Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) using the agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the extract was incorporated into a liquid soap formulation prepared using the hot process method. The evaluation of the formulation included organoleptic properties, pH, specific gravity, free alkali, total fatty acid, microbial contamination, viscosity, and foam stability according to SNI 06-4085-1996.The results showed that the extract yield was 12.59% with an MIC value of 5.5%, which inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus but not Escherichia coli. The formulated liquid soap met most quality parameters, except for pH and free alkali. Additionally, antibacterial testing showed an inhibition zone of 10.59 mm, indicating that the formulation exhibited effective antibacterial activity.
Article Details
How to Cite
Putri, Y. D., Hasanah, S., Warya, S., & Andriyannto, A. (2026). Utilization of bidara arab leaf extract (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) as an antibacterial agent and Its application in herbal liquid soap formulation. Journal of Midwifery and Nursing, 8(2), 126-135. https://doi.org/10.35335/jmn.v8i2.7141
References
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Murti, I. K. A. Y., Putra, I. P. S. A., Suputri, N. N. K. T., Wijayanti, N. P. D., & Yustiantara, P. S. (2017). Optimasi olive oil pada sabun cair. Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, 6(2).
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Puspita Sari, R., Laoli, M. T., & Tim Studi (2019). Karakterisasi simplisia dan skrining fitokimia daun lemon. KLOROFIL Jurnal Ilmu Biologi dan Terapan 2(1):7. doi: https://doi.org/10.30821/kfl:jibt.v2i1.1802
Putri, D. M., & Lubis, S. S. (2022). Skrining fitokimia ekstrak daun kalayu. AMINA (Ar-Raniry Chemistry Journal) 2(3):120-125 DOI:10.22373/amina.v2i3.1384
Rai, S., Acharya-Siwakoti, E., Kafle, A., Devkota, H. P., & Bhattarai, A. (2021). Plant-derived saponins: Surfactant properties and applications. Sci, 3(4). DOI:10.3390/sci3040044
Rosmainar, L. (2021). Formulasi sabun cair daun jeruk purut dan kopi robusta. Jurnal Kimia Riset, 6(1):58DOI:10.20473/jkr.v6i1.25554
Sari, P. I., Malahayati, S., & Kurniawati, D. (2024). Stabilitas sabun cair ekstrak jeruk nipis. Jurnal Surya Medika, 10(3), 149–156. DOI:10.33084/jsm.v10i3.9007
Shufyani, F., & Dominica, D. (2023). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun bidara terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(1):128-135. DOI:10.36490/journal-jps.com.v5i1.108
Temerk, H. (2017). Antibacterial effect of Ziziphus spina-christi. Egyptian Journal of Botany. DOI:10.21608/ejbo.2017.665.1035
Umarella, S., Bamahry, A. R., & Lantara, A. M. H. D. (2023). Literature review: Kandungan dan manfaat daun bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana). Borneo Journal of Medical Laboratory Technology. 8(1):922-931. DOI:10.33084/bjmlt.v8i1.10605
Yanti, N., Sativa, N., & Perdana, F. (2023). Parameter spesifik dan nonspesifik daun Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.F.) serta kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder. Jurnal Farmako Bahari, 10(3), 197-. DOI:10.52434/jfb.v10i2.660
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Zahro, K., Salsabila, A., Azahra, S., Zaevany, A., Margaretha, C., & Naila, J. (2022). Sabun cair berbasis VCO dengan essential oil. Indonesian Journal of Health Science, 3(2a):199-203. DOI:10.54957/ijhs.v3i2a.457
Asthyananda, M., & Bakri, D. F. F. (2024). Formulasi clay mask daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia) dan uji inhibisi Staphylococcus aureus. Kartika: Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 9(2), 105–114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26874/kjif.v9i2.680
Badriyah, L., & Farihah, D.A. (2022). Optimalisasi ekstraksi kulit bawang merah (Allium cepa L) menggunakan metode maserasi. J. Sintesis, 3(1), 30-37. https://doi.org/10.56399/jst.v3i1.32
Cholifah, U., Nafiunisa, A., Aryanti, N., & Wardhani, D.H. (2021). The influence of cocamide DEA towards the characteristics of transparent soap. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1053, 012016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1053/1/012016
Devitria, R., Wulandari, R., & Elfia, M. (2023). Water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash content of guava seed simplicia (Syzygium malaccense). Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Abdurrab, 1(2), 12–16. Retrieved from https://jurnal.univrab.ac.id/index.php/jika/article/view/3601
Dewi, N. A. R., Rahmawati, I., & Purnamasari, N. A. D. (2025). Clay mask formulation with Moringa oleifera leaf extract and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 5(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.37311/ijpe.v5i1.26870
Dzulfadhli Utomo, H., Kiromah, N. Z. W., & Rahayu, T. P. (2022). Formulasi krim anti jerawat ekstrak metanol daun mangga (Mangifera indica L.) dan uji antibakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Farmasi Klinik dan Sains, 2(2). doi: 10.26753/jfks.v2i2.796
Friska Pertiwi, A., Taufik, E., & Arief, I. I. (2022). Karakteristik kefir susu sapi dengan penambahan ekstrak bunga telang (Clitoria ternatea). Jurnal Ilmu Pertanian Indonesia, 28(1), 34–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18343/jipi.28.1.34
Gaby Syahanaya Butar-Butar, R., Neswita, E., Sembiring, N. B., Novriani, E., Simanjuntak, N. J. P., Halimahtussa, E., & Pakpahan, D. (2023). Skrining fitokimia dan kadar flavonoid ekstrak paku (Nephrolepis biserrata). Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences, 6(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v6i3.185
Galingging, A., Ratnaningsih, A. T., & Lestari, I. (2022). Kunci determinasi famili Dipterocarpaceae. Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Bonita, 4(1). DOI:10.55285/bonita.v4i2.1605
Handayani, R., Auliasari, N., & Hasanah, H. U. (2022). Formulasi dan evaluasi tablet hisap ekstrak biji kopi (Coffea arabica L.). Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, 8(1), 82–88. DOI:10.51352/jim.v8i1.496
Handayani, R., Qamariah, N., Sartika, F., & Nugroho, S. A. (2022). Uji parameter non spesifik simplisia umbi sarang semut. Jurnal Farmasi, 5(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.53864/jifakfar.v7i2.199
Horwitz, W. (2006). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. AOAC International.
Irwanto, R., Dewi, S., Girsang, A., Ginting, W. M., & Novia, R. (2022). Formulasi sabun cair ekstrak etanol daun seledri (Apium graveolens L.). Jurnal Farmasi Medistra, 5(2). http://ejournal.medistra.ac.id/index.php/JFM
Kusumaningsih, T., Sidarningsih, & Putra, A.A., Aljunaid, M. (2021). Antibacterial differences effect between purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff.) 70% and 96% ethanol extract against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans bacteria. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research, 14(2), 519–524. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v10i1.37241
Kusumaningtyas, A. A., Kharin, A. N., Oktariana, A., Kusuma, B. A., Karyadiva, B. R., Mardiningtyas, D., … Rahmadani, O. K. C. (2026). Analisis Cemaran Mikroba ALT (Angka Lempeng Total) dan AKK (Angka Kapang Khamir) Pada Sediaan Kosmetik Bedak Tabur dan Bedak Padat . Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 10(1), 6628–6639. https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v10i1.37241
Lukman, J., & Hadits, L. (2023). Penggunaan bidara dalam masyarakat Aceh Tengah. Jurnal Studi Hadis Nusantara, 5(1).
Murti, I. K. A. Y., Putra, I. P. S. A., Suputri, N. N. K. T., Wijayanti, N. P. D., & Yustiantara, P. S. (2017). Optimasi olive oil pada sabun cair. Jurnal Farmasi Udayana, 6(2).
Ndumuye, E., Langi, T. M., & Taroreh, M. I. R. (2022). Chemical characteristics of muate flour (Pteridophyta filicinae) as traditional food for the community of Kimaam Island. Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Terapan (Applied Agroecotechnology Journal), 3(2), 261–268. DOI:10.35791/jat.v3i2.44440
Nurhajawarsi. (2023). Formulation and analysis of solid bath soap with the addition of seaweed (Formulasi dan analisis mutu sabun mandi padat dengan penambahan rumput laut). SATERA: Jurnal Sains dan Teknik Terapan, 1(1), 27–40. Retrieved from https://journal.akom-bantaeng.ac.id/index.php/jstt/article/view/11
Nurrahma, E. A. (2022). Antibacterial activity of bidara leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana L.). Journal of Microbiology Science, 2(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.56711/jms.v2i2.867
Puspita Sari, R., Laoli, M. T., & Tim Studi (2019). Karakterisasi simplisia dan skrining fitokimia daun lemon. KLOROFIL Jurnal Ilmu Biologi dan Terapan 2(1):7. doi: https://doi.org/10.30821/kfl:jibt.v2i1.1802
Putri, D. M., & Lubis, S. S. (2022). Skrining fitokimia ekstrak daun kalayu. AMINA (Ar-Raniry Chemistry Journal) 2(3):120-125 DOI:10.22373/amina.v2i3.1384
Rai, S., Acharya-Siwakoti, E., Kafle, A., Devkota, H. P., & Bhattarai, A. (2021). Plant-derived saponins: Surfactant properties and applications. Sci, 3(4). DOI:10.3390/sci3040044
Rosmainar, L. (2021). Formulasi sabun cair daun jeruk purut dan kopi robusta. Jurnal Kimia Riset, 6(1):58DOI:10.20473/jkr.v6i1.25554
Sari, P. I., Malahayati, S., & Kurniawati, D. (2024). Stabilitas sabun cair ekstrak jeruk nipis. Jurnal Surya Medika, 10(3), 149–156. DOI:10.33084/jsm.v10i3.9007
Shufyani, F., & Dominica, D. (2023). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun bidara terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(1):128-135. DOI:10.36490/journal-jps.com.v5i1.108
Temerk, H. (2017). Antibacterial effect of Ziziphus spina-christi. Egyptian Journal of Botany. DOI:10.21608/ejbo.2017.665.1035
Umarella, S., Bamahry, A. R., & Lantara, A. M. H. D. (2023). Literature review: Kandungan dan manfaat daun bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana). Borneo Journal of Medical Laboratory Technology. 8(1):922-931. DOI:10.33084/bjmlt.v8i1.10605
Yanti, N., Sativa, N., & Perdana, F. (2023). Parameter spesifik dan nonspesifik daun Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.F.) serta kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder. Jurnal Farmako Bahari, 10(3), 197-. DOI:10.52434/jfb.v10i2.660
Yulianti, R., Nugraha, D. A., & Nurdianti, L. (2015). Formulasi sediaan sabun mandi cair ekstrak daun kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus (Bl.) Miq.). Kartika: Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 3(2), 1-11. DOI:10.26874/kjif.v3i2.98
Zahro, K., Salsabila, A., Azahra, S., Zaevany, A., Margaretha, C., & Naila, J. (2022). Sabun cair berbasis VCO dengan essential oil. Indonesian Journal of Health Science, 3(2a):199-203. DOI:10.54957/ijhs.v3i2a.457
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