Applications and Implications from Epigallo Catechin Gallate (EGCG) in Green Tea
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Published:
Jan 30, 2024
Keywords:
Bioactivity, Catechin, Green tea
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Abstract
Epigallo catechin gallate (EGCG), a catechin bioactive component found in green tea, has been used widely as a popular beverage in Asian nations for centuries. According to a summary of five years’ worth of recent papers, EGCG has a wide range of positive benefits including anticancer, anti-cholesterol, cardiovascular agent, anti-virus, antioxidant, and adjuvant treatment agent. The purpose of this literature review is to get more knowledge on EGCG, the most prevalent catechin derivative found in green tea. A substance with significant antioxidant capabilities, EGCG has a wide range of applications. However, EGCG also has a number of drawbacks in addition to its benefits, such as low stability, poor absorption, and the requirement for a daily intake restriction because it acts as a pro-oxidant and can be harmful if consumed in excess. As a result, authors attempt to mitigate undesirable effects and discover a way to maximize EGCG benefits through additional study that serves as research material. Furthermore, we are becoming research subjects in order to against the negative effects of EGCG, such as how to use probiotics to boost the absorption of EGCG during digestion.
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Fahmi, A., Syukur, S., Chaidir, Z. ., & Melia, S. (2024). Applications and Implications from Epigallo Catechin Gallate (EGCG) in Green Tea . Journal of Midwifery and Nursing, 6(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.35335/jmn.v6i1.4287
References
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Cao, Y., True, A. D., Chen, J., & Xiong, Y. L. (2016). Dual role (anti-and pro-oxidant) of gallic acid in mediating myofibrillar protein gelation and gel in vitro digestion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(15), 3054–3061.
Cataldo, F. (2014). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the action of black or green tea infusions on silver ions. European Chemical Bulletin, 3(3), 280–289.
Chatterjee, G., Das, S., Das, R. S., & Des, A. B. (2018). Development of green tea infused chocolate yoghurt and evaluation of its nutritive value and storage stability. Prog. Nutr, 20, 237–245.
Chen, A., Jiang, P., Zeb, F., Wu, X., Xu, C., Chen, L., & Feng, Q. (2020). EGCG regulates CTR1 expression through its pro?oxidative property in non?small?cell lung cancer cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 235(11), 7970–7981.
Dai, W., Ruan, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Han, J., Shao, Z., Sun, Y., & Liang, J. (2020). Bioavailability enhancement of EGCG by structural modification and nano-delivery: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 65, 103732.
Dekant, W., Scialli, A. R., Plotzke, K., & Klaunig, J. E. (2017). Biological relevance of effects following chronic administration of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicology Letters, 279, 42–53.
Farooqi, A. A., Pinheiro, M., Granja, A., Farabegoli, F., Reis, S., Attar, R., Sabitaliyevich, U. Y., Xu, B., & Ahmad, A. (2020). EGCG mediated targeting of deregulated signaling pathways and non-coding RNAs in different cancers: Focus on JAK/STAT, Wnt/?-Catenin, TGF/SMAD, NOTCH, SHH/GLI, and TRAIL mediated signaling pathways. Cancers, 12(4), 951.
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Fuller, R. (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 66(5), 365–378.
Gan, R.-Y., Li, H.-B., Sui, Z.-Q., & Corke, H. (2018). Absorption, metabolism, anti-cancer effect and molecular targets of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): An updated review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 58(6), 924–941.
Gülfem, Ü., Karagözlü, C., KINIK, Ö., Ecem, A., & AKALIN, A. S. (2018). Effect of supplementation with green and black tea on microbiological characteristics, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of drinking yoghurt. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24(2), 153–161.
Han, S. Y., Kim, E., Hwang, K., Ratan, Z. A., Hwang, H., Kim, E.-M., Kim, D., Park, J., & Cho, J. Y. (2018). Cytoprotective effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-5?-O-?-glucopyranoside, a novel EGCG derivative. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(5), 1466.
Hu, J., Webster, D., Cao, J., & Shao, A. (2018). The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults–results of a systematic review. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 95, 412–433.
Huang, J., Chen, S., Shi, Y., Li, C.-H., Wang, X. J., Li, F. J., Wang, C. H., Meng, Q. H., Zhong, J. N., & Liu, M. (2017). Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea exhibits potent an-ticancer effects in A-549 non-small lung cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of cell migration. J. BUON, 22, 1422–1427.
Jin, Y. H., Hong, J. H., Lee, J.-H., Yoon, H., Pawluk, A. M., Yun, S. J., & Mah, J.-H. (2021). Lactic Acid Fermented Green Tea with Levilactobacillus brevis Capable of Producing ?-Aminobutyric Acid. Fermentation, 7(3), 110.
Kaewkod, T., Bovonsombut, S., & Tragoolpua, Y. (2019). Efficacy of kombucha obtained from green, oolong, and black teas on inhibition of pathogenic bacteria, antioxidation, and toxicity on colorectal cancer cell line. Microorganisms, 7(12), 700.
Kaihatsu, K., Yamabe, M., & Ebara, Y. (2018). Antiviral mechanism of action of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and its fatty acid esters. Molecules, 23(10), 2475.
Kim, E., Hwang, K., Lee, J., Han, S. Y., Kim, E.-M., Park, J., & Cho, J. Y. (2018). Skin protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 173.
Law, F. C. P., Yao, M., Bi, H., & Lam, S. (2017). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of tea catechin mixture in rats and humans. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, 5(3), e00305.
Lorenz, M., Urban, J., Engelhardt, U., Baumann, G., Stangl, K., & Stangl, V. (2009). Green and black tea are equally potent stimuli of NO production and vasodilation: new insights into tea ingredients involved. Basic Research in Cardiology, 104, 100–110.
Menegazzi, M., Campagnari, R., Bertoldi, M., Crupi, R., Di Paola, R., & Cuzzocrea, S. (2020). Protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in diseases with uncontrolled immune activation: could such a scenario be helpful to counteract COVID-19? International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(14), 5171.
Momose, Y., Maeda-Yamamoto, M., & Nabetani, H. (2016). Systematic review of green tea epigallocatechin gallate in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of humans. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 67(6), 606–613.
Muniandy, P., Shori, A. B., & Baba, A. S. (2017). Comparison of the effect of green, white and black tea on Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus spp. in yogurt during refrigerated storage. Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 26–30.
Najgebauer-Lejko, D. (2014). Effect of green tea supplementation on the microbiological, antioxidant, and sensory properties of probiotic milks. Dairy Science & Technology, 94(4), 327–339.
Ouyang, J., Zhu, K., Liu, Z., & Huang, J. (2020). Prooxidant effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in health benefits and potential adverse effect. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020.
Pang, J., Zhang, Z., Zheng, T., Bassig, B. A., Mao, C., Liu, X., Zhu, Y., Shi, K., Ge, J., & Yang, Y. (2016). Green tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular and ischemic related diseases: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology, 202, 967–974.
Pathak, N. M., Millar, P. J. B., Pathak, V., Flatt, P. R., & Gault, V. A. (2018). Beneficial metabolic effects of dietary epigallocatechin gallate alone and in combination with exendin-4 in high fat diabetic mice. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 460, 200–208.
Pedro, A. C. , M. G. M. , R. R. V. , & H. C. W. I. (2020). Fundamental and applied aspects of catechins from different sources: a review. . International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 55(2), 429–442.
Pervin, M., Unno, K., Nakagawa, A., Takahashi, Y., Iguchi, K., Yamamoto, H., Hoshino, M., Hara, A., Takagaki, A., & Nanjo, F. (2017). Blood brain barrier permeability of (?)-epigallocatechin gallate, its proliferation-enhancing activity of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, and its preventive effect on age-related cognitive dysfunction in mice. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 9, 180–186.
Rha, C.-S., Seong, H., Jung, Y. S., Jang, D., Kwak, J.-G., Kim, D.-O., & Han, N. S. (2019). Stability and fermentability of green tea flavonols in in-vitro-simulated gastrointestinal digestion and human fecal fermentation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(23), 5890.
Romero, M. L. M., von Staszewski, M., & Martínez, M. J. (2021). The effect of green tea polyphenols addition on the physicochemical, microbiological and bioactive characteristics of yogurt. British Food Journal.
Samavat, H., Newman, A. R., Wang, R., Yuan, J.-M., Wu, A. H., & Kurzer, M. S. (2016). Effects of green tea catechin extract on serum lipids in postmenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 104(6), 1671–1682.
Sanlier, N., Atik, ?., & Atik, A. (2018). A minireview of effects of white tea consumption on diseases. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 82, 82–88.
Squillaro, T., Schettino, C., Sampaolo, S., Galderisi, U., Di Iorio, G., Giordano, A., & Melone, M. A. B. (2018). Adult?onset brain tumors and neurodegeneration: Are polyphenols protective? Journal of Cellular Physiology, 233(5), 3955–3967.
Syukur, S., Safrizayanti, Zulaiha, S., Supriwardi, E., Fahmi, A., Nurfadilah, K. K., & Purwati, E. (2022). Potential antioxidant activity of Lactobacillus fermentum KF7 from virgin coconut oil products in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(3), 1628–1634. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230354
Unno, K., Pervin, M., Nakagawa, A., Iguchi, K., Hara, A., Takagaki, A., Nanjo, F., Minami, A., & Nakamura, Y. (2017). Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability of Green Tea Catechin Metabolites and their Neuritogenic Activity in Human Neuroblastoma SH?SY5Y Cells. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 61(12), 1700294.
Wang, L.-C., Pan, T.-M., & Tsai, T.-Y. (2018). Lactic acid bacteria-fermented product of green tea and Houttuynia cordata leaves exerts anti-adipogenic and anti-obesity effects. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 26(3), 973–984.
Wang, R., Sun, J., Lassabliere, B., Yu, B., & Liu, S. Q. (2020). Biotransformation of green tea (Camellia sinensis) by wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Food Science, 85(2), 306–315.
Xing, L., Zhang, H., Qi, R., Tsao, R., & Mine, Y. (2019). Recent advances in the understanding of the health benefits and molecular mechanisms associated with green tea polyphenols. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67(4), 1029–1043.
Xu, J., Xu, Z., & Zheng, W. (2017). A review of the antiviral role of green tea catechins. Molecules, 22(8), 1337.
Yates, A. A., Erdman Jr, J. W., Shao, A., Dolan, L. C., & Griffiths, J. C. (2017). Bioactive nutrients-time for tolerable upper intake levels to address safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 84, 94–101.
Zhang, G., & Zhang, J. (2018). Enhanced oral bioavailability of EGCG using pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles: characterization and in vivo investigation on nephrotic syndrome rats. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2509–2518.
Bae, J., Kim, N., Shin, Y., Kim, S.-Y., & Kim, Y.-J. (2020). Activity of catechins and their applications. Biomedical Dermatology, 4, 1–10.
Bernatoniene, J., & Kopustinskiene, D. M. (2018). The role of catechins in cellular responses to oxidative stress. Molecules, 23(4), 965.
Bhagwat, S., Haytowitz, D. B., & Holden, J. M. (2011). USDA database for the flavonoid content of selected foods, release 3. US Department of Agriculture: Beltsville, MD, USA, 159.
Cao, Y., Teng, J., & Selbo, J. (2017). Amorphous solid dispersion of epigallocatechin gallate for enhanced physical stability and controlled release. Pharmaceuticals, 10(4), 88.
Cao, Y., True, A. D., Chen, J., & Xiong, Y. L. (2016). Dual role (anti-and pro-oxidant) of gallic acid in mediating myofibrillar protein gelation and gel in vitro digestion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64(15), 3054–3061.
Cataldo, F. (2014). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the action of black or green tea infusions on silver ions. European Chemical Bulletin, 3(3), 280–289.
Chatterjee, G., Das, S., Das, R. S., & Des, A. B. (2018). Development of green tea infused chocolate yoghurt and evaluation of its nutritive value and storage stability. Prog. Nutr, 20, 237–245.
Chen, A., Jiang, P., Zeb, F., Wu, X., Xu, C., Chen, L., & Feng, Q. (2020). EGCG regulates CTR1 expression through its pro?oxidative property in non?small?cell lung cancer cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 235(11), 7970–7981.
Dai, W., Ruan, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Han, J., Shao, Z., Sun, Y., & Liang, J. (2020). Bioavailability enhancement of EGCG by structural modification and nano-delivery: A review. Journal of Functional Foods, 65, 103732.
Dekant, W., Scialli, A. R., Plotzke, K., & Klaunig, J. E. (2017). Biological relevance of effects following chronic administration of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) in Fischer 344 rats. Toxicology Letters, 279, 42–53.
Farooqi, A. A., Pinheiro, M., Granja, A., Farabegoli, F., Reis, S., Attar, R., Sabitaliyevich, U. Y., Xu, B., & Ahmad, A. (2020). EGCG mediated targeting of deregulated signaling pathways and non-coding RNAs in different cancers: Focus on JAK/STAT, Wnt/?-Catenin, TGF/SMAD, NOTCH, SHH/GLI, and TRAIL mediated signaling pathways. Cancers, 12(4), 951.
Figueira, I., Garcia, G., Pimpão, R. C., Terrasso, A. P., Costa, I., Almeida, A. F., Tavares, L., Pais, T. F., Pinto, P., & Ventura, M. R. (2017). Polyphenols journey through blood-brain barrier towards neuronal protection. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 11456.
Fuller, R. (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 66(5), 365–378.
Gan, R.-Y., Li, H.-B., Sui, Z.-Q., & Corke, H. (2018). Absorption, metabolism, anti-cancer effect and molecular targets of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): An updated review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 58(6), 924–941.
Gülfem, Ü., Karagözlü, C., KINIK, Ö., Ecem, A., & AKALIN, A. S. (2018). Effect of supplementation with green and black tea on microbiological characteristics, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of drinking yoghurt. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24(2), 153–161.
Han, S. Y., Kim, E., Hwang, K., Ratan, Z. A., Hwang, H., Kim, E.-M., Kim, D., Park, J., & Cho, J. Y. (2018). Cytoprotective effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)-5?-O-?-glucopyranoside, a novel EGCG derivative. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(5), 1466.
Hu, J., Webster, D., Cao, J., & Shao, A. (2018). The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults–results of a systematic review. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 95, 412–433.
Huang, J., Chen, S., Shi, Y., Li, C.-H., Wang, X. J., Li, F. J., Wang, C. H., Meng, Q. H., Zhong, J. N., & Liu, M. (2017). Epigallocatechin gallate from green tea exhibits potent an-ticancer effects in A-549 non-small lung cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of cell migration. J. BUON, 22, 1422–1427.
Jin, Y. H., Hong, J. H., Lee, J.-H., Yoon, H., Pawluk, A. M., Yun, S. J., & Mah, J.-H. (2021). Lactic Acid Fermented Green Tea with Levilactobacillus brevis Capable of Producing ?-Aminobutyric Acid. Fermentation, 7(3), 110.
Kaewkod, T., Bovonsombut, S., & Tragoolpua, Y. (2019). Efficacy of kombucha obtained from green, oolong, and black teas on inhibition of pathogenic bacteria, antioxidation, and toxicity on colorectal cancer cell line. Microorganisms, 7(12), 700.
Kaihatsu, K., Yamabe, M., & Ebara, Y. (2018). Antiviral mechanism of action of epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and its fatty acid esters. Molecules, 23(10), 2475.
Kim, E., Hwang, K., Lee, J., Han, S. Y., Kim, E.-M., Park, J., & Cho, J. Y. (2018). Skin protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 173.
Law, F. C. P., Yao, M., Bi, H., & Lam, S. (2017). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of tea catechin mixture in rats and humans. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives, 5(3), e00305.
Lorenz, M., Urban, J., Engelhardt, U., Baumann, G., Stangl, K., & Stangl, V. (2009). Green and black tea are equally potent stimuli of NO production and vasodilation: new insights into tea ingredients involved. Basic Research in Cardiology, 104, 100–110.
Menegazzi, M., Campagnari, R., Bertoldi, M., Crupi, R., Di Paola, R., & Cuzzocrea, S. (2020). Protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in diseases with uncontrolled immune activation: could such a scenario be helpful to counteract COVID-19? International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(14), 5171.
Momose, Y., Maeda-Yamamoto, M., & Nabetani, H. (2016). Systematic review of green tea epigallocatechin gallate in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of humans. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 67(6), 606–613.
Muniandy, P., Shori, A. B., & Baba, A. S. (2017). Comparison of the effect of green, white and black tea on Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus spp. in yogurt during refrigerated storage. Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 26–30.
Najgebauer-Lejko, D. (2014). Effect of green tea supplementation on the microbiological, antioxidant, and sensory properties of probiotic milks. Dairy Science & Technology, 94(4), 327–339.
Ouyang, J., Zhu, K., Liu, Z., & Huang, J. (2020). Prooxidant effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in health benefits and potential adverse effect. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2020.
Pang, J., Zhang, Z., Zheng, T., Bassig, B. A., Mao, C., Liu, X., Zhu, Y., Shi, K., Ge, J., & Yang, Y. (2016). Green tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular and ischemic related diseases: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Cardiology, 202, 967–974.
Pathak, N. M., Millar, P. J. B., Pathak, V., Flatt, P. R., & Gault, V. A. (2018). Beneficial metabolic effects of dietary epigallocatechin gallate alone and in combination with exendin-4 in high fat diabetic mice. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 460, 200–208.
Pedro, A. C. , M. G. M. , R. R. V. , & H. C. W. I. (2020). Fundamental and applied aspects of catechins from different sources: a review. . International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 55(2), 429–442.
Pervin, M., Unno, K., Nakagawa, A., Takahashi, Y., Iguchi, K., Yamamoto, H., Hoshino, M., Hara, A., Takagaki, A., & Nanjo, F. (2017). Blood brain barrier permeability of (?)-epigallocatechin gallate, its proliferation-enhancing activity of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, and its preventive effect on age-related cognitive dysfunction in mice. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 9, 180–186.
Rha, C.-S., Seong, H., Jung, Y. S., Jang, D., Kwak, J.-G., Kim, D.-O., & Han, N. S. (2019). Stability and fermentability of green tea flavonols in in-vitro-simulated gastrointestinal digestion and human fecal fermentation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(23), 5890.
Romero, M. L. M., von Staszewski, M., & Martínez, M. J. (2021). The effect of green tea polyphenols addition on the physicochemical, microbiological and bioactive characteristics of yogurt. British Food Journal.
Samavat, H., Newman, A. R., Wang, R., Yuan, J.-M., Wu, A. H., & Kurzer, M. S. (2016). Effects of green tea catechin extract on serum lipids in postmenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 104(6), 1671–1682.
Sanlier, N., Atik, ?., & Atik, A. (2018). A minireview of effects of white tea consumption on diseases. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 82, 82–88.
Squillaro, T., Schettino, C., Sampaolo, S., Galderisi, U., Di Iorio, G., Giordano, A., & Melone, M. A. B. (2018). Adult?onset brain tumors and neurodegeneration: Are polyphenols protective? Journal of Cellular Physiology, 233(5), 3955–3967.
Syukur, S., Safrizayanti, Zulaiha, S., Supriwardi, E., Fahmi, A., Nurfadilah, K. K., & Purwati, E. (2022). Potential antioxidant activity of Lactobacillus fermentum KF7 from virgin coconut oil products in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 23(3), 1628–1634. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d230354
Unno, K., Pervin, M., Nakagawa, A., Iguchi, K., Hara, A., Takagaki, A., Nanjo, F., Minami, A., & Nakamura, Y. (2017). Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability of Green Tea Catechin Metabolites and their Neuritogenic Activity in Human Neuroblastoma SH?SY5Y Cells. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 61(12), 1700294.
Wang, L.-C., Pan, T.-M., & Tsai, T.-Y. (2018). Lactic acid bacteria-fermented product of green tea and Houttuynia cordata leaves exerts anti-adipogenic and anti-obesity effects. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 26(3), 973–984.
Wang, R., Sun, J., Lassabliere, B., Yu, B., & Liu, S. Q. (2020). Biotransformation of green tea (Camellia sinensis) by wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Food Science, 85(2), 306–315.
Xing, L., Zhang, H., Qi, R., Tsao, R., & Mine, Y. (2019). Recent advances in the understanding of the health benefits and molecular mechanisms associated with green tea polyphenols. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 67(4), 1029–1043.
Xu, J., Xu, Z., & Zheng, W. (2017). A review of the antiviral role of green tea catechins. Molecules, 22(8), 1337.
Yates, A. A., Erdman Jr, J. W., Shao, A., Dolan, L. C., & Griffiths, J. C. (2017). Bioactive nutrients-time for tolerable upper intake levels to address safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 84, 94–101.
Zhang, G., & Zhang, J. (2018). Enhanced oral bioavailability of EGCG using pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles: characterization and in vivo investigation on nephrotic syndrome rats. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2509–2518.
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