Personal demands and job stress through workaholism in the era of digital business
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Abstract
This study examined the role of personal demands in shaping job stress through workaholism within a digital business ecosystem. The transformation of organizational systems toward platform-based work, real-time performance monitoring, and application-based targets had restructured job demands and intensified performance pressures on employees. In this context, perfectionism and narcissistic tendencies were expected to influence compulsive work behavior and psychological strain. A quantitative approach was employed using survey data collected from employees working in digitally managed organizational environments. The constructs of self-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism, narcissistic tendencies, workaholism, and job stress were measured using standardized instruments, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling to test both direct and indirect relationships among the variables. The results indicated that personal demands had significant positive effects on workaholism, which in turn had a significant positive effect on job stress. Workaholism mediated the relationships between personal demands and job stress. The findings suggested that job stress in digital business contexts resulted from the interaction between personal demands and digitally designed work systems
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Ahmad, M. . and Ardiansari, A. . (2026) “Personal demands and job stress through workaholism in the era of digital business”, Jurnal Mantik, 9(4), pp. 1443-1452. doi: 10.35335/mantik.v9i4.7047.
References
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Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
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Büge, B., Sena Resulo?lu, R., Nur Çort, B., O?uz, E., & Gül Topçu, E. (2025). Perfectionism and digital stress: The mediating roles of body self-compassion and self-hate. Psychology Research on Education and Social Sciences, 6(4), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17845753
Damayanti, N., Ramadhi, R., & Andrefson, E. (2026). MANAGEMENT Disengagement in the Digital Era: Unpacking the Mediating Role of Technostress Between Job Insecurity, Digital Workload, Boreout, and Digital Presenteeism. Technostress… Journal of Enterprise and Development, 8(1), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.20414/jed.v8i1.14723
Derks, D., van Duin, D., Tims, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2015). Smartphone use and work-home interference: The moderating role of social norms and employee work engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(1), 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12083
Domalewska, D., Tišma, S., & Blazhevska, K. V. (2025). Protecting Employee Privacy and Security in the Age of Digital Performance Monitoring: A Legal Comparative Analysis of Post-Communist Countries – Poland, Croatia, and the Republic of North Macedonia. Polish Political Science Yearbook, Volume 54 (2025)(Issue 2), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy202518
Muthmainah, F. N., & Fauzianazwa, N. (2025). The Role of Office Management in Regulating Digital Information Load and Its Impact on Employee Productivity and Mental Health. International Journal Administration, Business & Organization, 6(3), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.61242/ijabo.25.631
Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2004). THE COGNITIVE AND TREATMENT ASPECTS OF PERFECTIONISM: INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE.
Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2015). Measures of Perfectionism. In Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs (Number 2011). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00021-8
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Gavrichencko, O. V, & Kim, N. B. (2024). Manifestations of perfectionism, self-conception and personality traits in the digital space. RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Psychology. Pedagogics.
Gillet, N., Morin, A. J. S., Fernet, C., Huyghebaert-Zouaghi, T., & Austin, S. (2023). Nature, Predictors, and Outcomes of Workers’ Longitudinal Workaholism Profiles. Group and Organization Management, 50(3), 701–755. https://doi.org/10.1177/10596011231189587
Grijalva, E., & Zhang, L. (2016). Narcissism and Self-Insight: A Review and Meta-Analysis of Narcissists’ Self-Enhancement Tendencies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215611636
Harahap, M. A. K., Sutrisno, Fauzi, Jusman, I. A., & Ausat, A. M. A. (2023). The Application of Technology in the Age of Covid-19 and Its Effects on Performance. Apollo: Journal of Tourism and Business, 1(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.58905/apollo.v1i1.8
Harari, D., Swider, B. W., Steed, L. B., & Breidenthal, A. P. (2018). Is perfect good? A meta-analysis of perfectionism in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(10), 1121–1144. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000324
Hewitt, P., & Flett, G. (1991). Perfectionism in the Self and Social Contexts: Conceptualization, Assessment, and Association With Psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 60:456-470. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456
Inikpi, U., & Adewale, A. J. (2024). Digital Tools for Stress Management and Employee Performance in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Ibadan (Vol. 7).
Komp, R., Kauffeld, S., & Ianiro-Dahm, P. (2022). Student Presenteeism in Digital Times—A Mixed Methods Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416982
Lepine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & Lepine, M. A. (2005). A META-ANALYTIC TEST OF THE CHALLENGE STRESSOR-HINDRANCE STRESSOR FRAMEWORK: AN EXPLANATION FOR INCONSISTENT RELATIONSHIPS AMONG STRESSORS AND PERFORMANCE.
Lubis, F. M. (2025). Overcoming digital stress through new work environment design. Jurnal Konseling Dan Pendidikan, 13(1), 491–502. https://doi.org/10.29210/1143800
Malik, S., & Chakraborty, P. (2025). Presenteeism in the Digital Age: Exploring the Role of Technology in Diagnosing, Preventing, and Mitigating its Effects.
Marsh, E., Perez Vallejos, E., & Spence, A. (2024). Digital workplace technology intensity: qualitative insights on employee wellbeing impacts of digital workplace job demands. Frontiers in Organizational Psychology, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/forgp.2024.1392997
Mat-Artun, D., & Küskü, F. (2025). Virtual Presenteeism and Employee Well-Being in Remote Work From the Perspective of the Job Demands–Resources Model. International Social Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.70023
Mazmanian, M., Orlikowski, W. J., & Yates, J. A. (2013). The autonomy paradox: The implications of mobile email devices for knowledge professionals. Organization Science, 24(5), 1337–1357. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0806
Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Comparing clinical and social-personality conceptualizations of narcissism. Journal of Personality, 76(3), 449–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00492.x
Molino, M., Bakker, A. B., & Ghislieri, C. (2016). The role of workaholism in the job demands-resources model. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 29(4), 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2015.1070833
Molnar, D. S. (2010). THE LIGHT AND DARK SIDES OF PERFECTIONISM Implications for Health and Well-Being.
Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model.
Pledger, D., Hardaker, M., & Tsakanikos, E. (2025). Manifestations of vulnerability in narcissistic personality disorder: a review. Academia Mental Health and Well-Being, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.20935/mhealthwellb7718
Podolchak, N., Martyniuk, V., Tsygylyk, N., Dziurakh, Y., & Vaskovych, I. (2024). Sustainable development and digitalization of human resource management during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. E3S Web of Conferences, 558. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455801032
Ramos-Vera, C., Calle, D., Olivera-Cercado, R., Oblitas-Guerrero, S. M., Távara, G. L., & Saintila, J. (2025). Dark triad personality traits and perfectionism in Peruvian university students: a network analysis. BMC Psychology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03577-0
Ronningstam, E. (2011). Narcissistic personality disorder: A clinical perspective. In Journal of Psychiatric Practice (Vol. 17, Number 2, pp. 89–99). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000396060.67150.40
Rozental, A., Shafran, R., Johansson, F., Forsström, D., Jovicic, F., Gelberg, O., Molin, K., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Buhrman, M. (2024). Treating perfectionism via the Internet: a randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive behavior therapy to unified protocol. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 53(3), 324–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2024.2327339
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Bakker, A. B. (2008). TANGO SCHAUFELI 2008.
Sedera, D., & Lokuge, S. (2020). Flaws in Flawlessness: Perfectionism as a New Technology Driven Mental Disorder.
Smith, N. D., Hovanski, Y., Tenny, J., & Bergner, S. (2024). Digital Performance Management: An Evaluation of Manufacturing Performance Management and Measurement Strategies in an Industry 4.0 Context. Machines, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12080555
Sommantico, M., Postiglione, J., Fenizia, E., & Parrello, S. (2024). Procrastination, Perfectionism, Narcissistic Vulnerability, and Psychological Well-Being in Young Adults: An Italian Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081056
Spence, J. T., & Robbins, A. S. (1992). Workaholism: Definition, Measurement, and Preliminary Results. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(1), 160–178. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5801_15
Stoeber, J. (2015). How Other-Oriented Perfectionism Differs from Self-Oriented and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism: Further Findings. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(4), 611–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9485-y
Trasca, O. M., & Spulbar, A. C. (2025). Fintech’s Productivity Trap: How Digital Finance Fuels Workaholism. In Revista de ?tiin?e Politice. Revue des Sciences Politiques • No (Vol. 86).
Vieriu, A. M., & Hainagiu, S. M. (2025). Perfectionism and Workaholism as Barriers to Lifelong Learning and Occupational Sustainability: A Cross-Professional Analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146512
Wolf, V., Bartelheimer, C., & Beverungen, D. (2019). Digitalization of Work Systems-An Organizational Routines’ Perspective. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/60036
Zheng, G., Sheng, J., Wang, H., & Xu, Z. (2025). Mindfulness and work addiction among young employees: the mediating roles of cognitive reappraisal and perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1631792
Allen, T. D., Golden, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2015). How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(2), 40–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615593273
Andersen, F. B., Djugum, M. E. T., Sjåstad, V. S., & Pallesen, S. (2023). The prevalence of workaholism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. In Frontiers in Psychology (Vol. 14). Frontiers Media SA. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1252373
Aziz, S., & Zickar, M. J. (2006). A cluster analysis investigation of workaholism as a syndrome. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.11.1.52
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. In Journal of Managerial Psychology (Vol. 22, Number 3, pp. 309–328). https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Bellam, A., & Curran, T. (2025). Perfectionism and work performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 98(3). https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.70050
Büge, B., Sena Resulo?lu, R., Nur Çort, B., O?uz, E., & Gül Topçu, E. (2025). Perfectionism and digital stress: The mediating roles of body self-compassion and self-hate. Psychology Research on Education and Social Sciences, 6(4), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17845753
Damayanti, N., Ramadhi, R., & Andrefson, E. (2026). MANAGEMENT Disengagement in the Digital Era: Unpacking the Mediating Role of Technostress Between Job Insecurity, Digital Workload, Boreout, and Digital Presenteeism. Technostress… Journal of Enterprise and Development, 8(1), 98–114. https://doi.org/10.20414/jed.v8i1.14723
Derks, D., van Duin, D., Tims, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2015). Smartphone use and work-home interference: The moderating role of social norms and employee work engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(1), 155–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12083
Domalewska, D., Tišma, S., & Blazhevska, K. V. (2025). Protecting Employee Privacy and Security in the Age of Digital Performance Monitoring: A Legal Comparative Analysis of Post-Communist Countries – Poland, Croatia, and the Republic of North Macedonia. Polish Political Science Yearbook, Volume 54 (2025)(Issue 2), 51–68. https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy202518
Muthmainah, F. N., & Fauzianazwa, N. (2025). The Role of Office Management in Regulating Digital Information Load and Its Impact on Employee Productivity and Mental Health. International Journal Administration, Business & Organization, 6(3), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.61242/ijabo.25.631
Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2004). THE COGNITIVE AND TREATMENT ASPECTS OF PERFECTIONISM: INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE.
Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2015). Measures of Perfectionism. In Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs (Number 2011). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00021-8
Gao, Y., Ye, H., Huang, M., Li, D., Bai, X., & Gan, X. (2025). Relationships among perfectionism, workaholism and job stress in a sample of nurses: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Nursing Outlook, 73(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2025.102540
Gavrichencko, O. V, & Kim, N. B. (2024). Manifestations of perfectionism, self-conception and personality traits in the digital space. RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Psychology. Pedagogics.
Gillet, N., Morin, A. J. S., Fernet, C., Huyghebaert-Zouaghi, T., & Austin, S. (2023). Nature, Predictors, and Outcomes of Workers’ Longitudinal Workaholism Profiles. Group and Organization Management, 50(3), 701–755. https://doi.org/10.1177/10596011231189587
Grijalva, E., & Zhang, L. (2016). Narcissism and Self-Insight: A Review and Meta-Analysis of Narcissists’ Self-Enhancement Tendencies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215611636
Harahap, M. A. K., Sutrisno, Fauzi, Jusman, I. A., & Ausat, A. M. A. (2023). The Application of Technology in the Age of Covid-19 and Its Effects on Performance. Apollo: Journal of Tourism and Business, 1(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.58905/apollo.v1i1.8
Harari, D., Swider, B. W., Steed, L. B., & Breidenthal, A. P. (2018). Is perfect good? A meta-analysis of perfectionism in the workplace. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(10), 1121–1144. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000324
Hewitt, P., & Flett, G. (1991). Perfectionism in the Self and Social Contexts: Conceptualization, Assessment, and Association With Psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 60:456-470. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456
Inikpi, U., & Adewale, A. J. (2024). Digital Tools for Stress Management and Employee Performance in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Ibadan (Vol. 7).
Komp, R., Kauffeld, S., & Ianiro-Dahm, P. (2022). Student Presenteeism in Digital Times—A Mixed Methods Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416982
Lepine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & Lepine, M. A. (2005). A META-ANALYTIC TEST OF THE CHALLENGE STRESSOR-HINDRANCE STRESSOR FRAMEWORK: AN EXPLANATION FOR INCONSISTENT RELATIONSHIPS AMONG STRESSORS AND PERFORMANCE.
Lubis, F. M. (2025). Overcoming digital stress through new work environment design. Jurnal Konseling Dan Pendidikan, 13(1), 491–502. https://doi.org/10.29210/1143800
Malik, S., & Chakraborty, P. (2025). Presenteeism in the Digital Age: Exploring the Role of Technology in Diagnosing, Preventing, and Mitigating its Effects.
Marsh, E., Perez Vallejos, E., & Spence, A. (2024). Digital workplace technology intensity: qualitative insights on employee wellbeing impacts of digital workplace job demands. Frontiers in Organizational Psychology, 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/forgp.2024.1392997
Mat-Artun, D., & Küskü, F. (2025). Virtual Presenteeism and Employee Well-Being in Remote Work From the Perspective of the Job Demands–Resources Model. International Social Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.70023
Mazmanian, M., Orlikowski, W. J., & Yates, J. A. (2013). The autonomy paradox: The implications of mobile email devices for knowledge professionals. Organization Science, 24(5), 1337–1357. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1120.0806
Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Comparing clinical and social-personality conceptualizations of narcissism. Journal of Personality, 76(3), 449–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00492.x
Molino, M., Bakker, A. B., & Ghislieri, C. (2016). The role of workaholism in the job demands-resources model. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 29(4), 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2015.1070833
Molnar, D. S. (2010). THE LIGHT AND DARK SIDES OF PERFECTIONISM Implications for Health and Well-Being.
Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the Paradoxes of Narcissism: A Dynamic Self-Regulatory Processing Model.
Pledger, D., Hardaker, M., & Tsakanikos, E. (2025). Manifestations of vulnerability in narcissistic personality disorder: a review. Academia Mental Health and Well-Being, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.20935/mhealthwellb7718
Podolchak, N., Martyniuk, V., Tsygylyk, N., Dziurakh, Y., & Vaskovych, I. (2024). Sustainable development and digitalization of human resource management during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. E3S Web of Conferences, 558. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455801032
Ramos-Vera, C., Calle, D., Olivera-Cercado, R., Oblitas-Guerrero, S. M., Távara, G. L., & Saintila, J. (2025). Dark triad personality traits and perfectionism in Peruvian university students: a network analysis. BMC Psychology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-03577-0
Ronningstam, E. (2011). Narcissistic personality disorder: A clinical perspective. In Journal of Psychiatric Practice (Vol. 17, Number 2, pp. 89–99). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.pra.0000396060.67150.40
Rozental, A., Shafran, R., Johansson, F., Forsström, D., Jovicic, F., Gelberg, O., Molin, K., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Buhrman, M. (2024). Treating perfectionism via the Internet: a randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive behavior therapy to unified protocol. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 53(3), 324–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2024.2327339
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Bakker, A. B. (2008). TANGO SCHAUFELI 2008.
Sedera, D., & Lokuge, S. (2020). Flaws in Flawlessness: Perfectionism as a New Technology Driven Mental Disorder.
Smith, N. D., Hovanski, Y., Tenny, J., & Bergner, S. (2024). Digital Performance Management: An Evaluation of Manufacturing Performance Management and Measurement Strategies in an Industry 4.0 Context. Machines, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12080555
Sommantico, M., Postiglione, J., Fenizia, E., & Parrello, S. (2024). Procrastination, Perfectionism, Narcissistic Vulnerability, and Psychological Well-Being in Young Adults: An Italian Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081056
Spence, J. T., & Robbins, A. S. (1992). Workaholism: Definition, Measurement, and Preliminary Results. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58(1), 160–178. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5801_15
Stoeber, J. (2015). How Other-Oriented Perfectionism Differs from Self-Oriented and Socially Prescribed Perfectionism: Further Findings. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(4), 611–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9485-y
Trasca, O. M., & Spulbar, A. C. (2025). Fintech’s Productivity Trap: How Digital Finance Fuels Workaholism. In Revista de ?tiin?e Politice. Revue des Sciences Politiques • No (Vol. 86).
Vieriu, A. M., & Hainagiu, S. M. (2025). Perfectionism and Workaholism as Barriers to Lifelong Learning and Occupational Sustainability: A Cross-Professional Analysis. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146512
Wolf, V., Bartelheimer, C., & Beverungen, D. (2019). Digitalization of Work Systems-An Organizational Routines’ Perspective. https://hdl.handle.net/10125/60036
Zheng, G., Sheng, J., Wang, H., & Xu, Z. (2025). Mindfulness and work addiction among young employees: the mediating roles of cognitive reappraisal and perfectionism. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1631792
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