Legal review of artificial intelligence-based autopilot electric vehicles in Indonesia
Main Article Content
Abstract
The rise of electric vehicles using AI technology and Autopilot mode has potential benefits and issues in Indonesia's transportation system. These cars are more energy efficient and safe to drive. Yet, the legality of autonomous electric cars is still unclear due to lacking regulations. This article explores the legal concerns of AI-driven electric vehicles, such as safety standards, liability in accidents, and data privacy. This study employs a normative legal research method with legislative and conceptual approaches to analyze various applicable regulations, such as Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Traffic and Road Transportation and Presidential Regulation Number 55 of 2019 concerning Battery-Based Electric Vehicles. The research findings indicate that despite some rules that can serve as a basis for regulation, there are still legal loopholes that need to be addressed promptly. The government needs to formulate specific regulations covering safety aspects, feasibility tests, and mechanisms of legal responsibility in accidents involving autonomous vehicles. Additionally, user data protection must be reinforced to prevent the misuse of information collected by AI systems. In conclusion, strict regulations are needed to ensure that technological advancements can move forward while safeguarding safety and legal certainty for the public. This research encourages new regulations governing security aspects, legal responsibility, and data protection in AI-based autopilot electric vehicles to address legal gaps in the Road Traffic and Transport Law (LLAJ) and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE).
Article Details
How to Cite
Kusuma, B., Wardhani, N. E. ., & Kristanto, K. . (2025). Legal review of artificial intelligence-based autopilot electric vehicles in Indonesia. Journal of Law Science, 7(2), 369-379. https://doi.org/10.35335/jls.v7i2.6169
References
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Wijayanti, W., Putri, M. C., & Sabila, S. (2020). The Role of the Constitutional Court as a Stimulator of the Amendment of Traffic and Road Transport Act. The 2nd International Conference of Law, Government and Social Justice (ICOLGAS 2020), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201209.275
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Zhang, K. (2024). A Review of Current Research and Future Development of Autonomous Driving Technology. Applied and Computational Engineering, 116, 22–28. https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/116/20251745
Bathla, G., Bhadane, K., Singh, R. K., Kumar, R., Aluvalu, R., Krishnamurthi, R., Kumar, A., Thakur, R. N., & Basheer, S. (2022). Autonomous vehicles and intelligent automation: Applications, challenges, and opportunities. Mobile Information Systems, 2022(1), 7632892. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7632892
El-Kady, R. (2025). Self-Driving Cars: Legal Challenges and Criminal Law Implications. In Real-World Applications of AI Innovation (pp. 331–360). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.
Grigorescu, S., Trasnea, B., Cocias, T., & Macesanu, G. (2020). A survey of deep learning techniques for autonomous driving. Journal of Field Robotics, 37(3), 362–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/rob.21918
Hutabarat, D. T. H., Zebua, R., Sitorus, R. A., Subakti, F. A., Ramadhani, H., Mangunsong, J., Nduru, F., Alfah, G. S., Pasaribu, J. C. D., & Malau, R. M. (2022). The Urgency Of Legal Protection Against The Implementation Of Electronic Information Technology-Based Medical Records In Regulation Of The Minister Of Health Of The Republic Of Indonesia Number 269 Of 2008. Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Business (JHSSB), 1(4), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.55047/jhssb.v1i4.234
Jarrahi, M. H., Lutz, C., & Newlands, G. (2022). Artificial intelligence, human intelligence and hybrid intelligence based on mutual augmentation. In Big Data and Society (Vol. 9, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517221142824
Juliansyah, F. M. (2022). Kepastian Hukum Terhadap Mobil Berteknologi Auto Pilot Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Hukum Lalu Lintas Jalan di Indonesia. Bureaucracy Journal?: Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.53363/bureau.v2i2.108
Liu, L., Lu, S., Zhong, R., Wu, B., Yao, Y., Zhang, Q., & Shi, W. (2020). Computing systems for autonomous driving: State of the art and challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8(8), 6469–6486. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.3043716
Ma, Y., Wang, Z., Yang, H., & Yang, L. (2020). Artificial intelligence applications in the development of autonomous vehicles: A survey. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1109/JAS.2020.1003021
Maharani, A. E. P., & Sutopo, A. K. H. (2021). Government Policy in the Development of Electric Motor Vehicle Technology for an Environmental Friendly Transportation. International Conference For Democracy and National Resilience (ICDNR 2021), 70–73. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211221.012
Mira-Bonnardel, S., & Couzineau, E. (2021). How to Assess Regulation Openness for Autonomous Driving in Public Transport? The ROAD Index. The Robomobility Revolution of Urban Public Transport: A Social Sciences Perspective, 51–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72976-9_3
Natalia, D. (2021). Legal Protection For Users Of Public Transportation Services (Passenger) Based On Law No. 22 Year 2009. Journal of Law Science, 3(2), 70–77. https://www.ejournal.iocscience.org/index.php/JLS/article/view/1664
Nusi, R. R. (2021). Legalitas Mobil Auto Pilot Dalam Prespektif Hukum Transportasi di Indonesia. Jurist-Diction, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i6.31854
Pambudi, I., & Juwono, V. (2023). Electric vehicles in indonesia: public policy, impact, and challenges. Asian Journal of Social and Humanities, 2(2), 347–360.
Pamungkas, Y. H., Bakri, M., Djatmika, P., & Safa’at, R. (2020). Criminal policy in the management of road traffic accidents. Italian Review of Legal History, 6, 377–387. https://doi.org/10.13130/2464-8914/14897
Rasdiyanti, A. D., Hayat, H., & Suyeno, S. (2024). Indonesia Government Policy Strategy to Support Autonomous Vehicles Implementation for Public Transport. ARISTO, 12(2), 452–474. https://doi.org/10.24269/ars.v12i2.7860
Respati, A. A. (2024). Reformulasi UU ITE terhadap Artificial Intelligence Dibandingkan dengan Uni Eropa dan China AI Act Regulation. JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW, 7(3), 1737–1758. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v7i3.10578
Saputra, G. R., & Sewu, P. L. S. (2023). Corporate Liability and Law Enforcement For Drivers For Malfunction Errors In The Autopilot Feature In Electric Vehicles. JURNAL HUKUM SEHASEN, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.37676/jhs.v9i2.4978
Septiyandini, W., Muriman, C., & Mayastinasari, V. (2024). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Human Resources: A Case Study of the Indonesian Police Institution. POLICY, LAW, NOTARY AND REGULATORY ISSUES, 4(1), 64–74. https://doi.org/10.55047/polri.v4i1.1540
Subekti, R., Ohyver, D. A., Judijanto, L., Satwika, I. K. S., Umar, N., Hayati, N., Handika, I. P. S., Joosten, J., Migunani, M., & Boari, Y. (2024). Transformasi Digital: Teori & implementasi Menuju Era Society 5.0. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.
Sudjoko, C. (2021). Strategi pemanfaatan kendaraan listrik berkelanjutan sebagai solusi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon. Jurnal Paradigma: Jurnal Multidisipliner Mahasiswa Pascasarjana Indonesia, 2(2).
Suhariyanto, D., Usman, R., Marlin, S., Kurnia, M. T., Firman, L. O. M., Balogun, S. A., & Ghazali, I. (2024). Autonomous Vehicles: From Technology to Law and Regulation. Engineering Science Letter, 3(02), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.56741/esl.v3i02.565
Suprobowati, G. D., & Kalpikajati, S. Y. (2021). The Urgency of Using Electric Vehicles and Creating an Adequate Legal Ecosystem. International Conference For Democracy and National Resilience (ICDNR 2021), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIPM.2023.134065
Tiano, H. (2023). The Effectiveness of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 22 of 2009 Concerning Road Traffic and Transportation on Road Accidents. Proceedings Series on Social Sciences & Humanities, 14, 61–64. https://doi.org/10.30595/pssh.v14i.1011
Tran, D. V., & Le, C. T. Q. (2022). Developing a Regulatory Framework for Autonomous Vehicles: A Proximal Analysis of European Approach and Its Application to ASEAN Countries. TalTech Journal of European Studies, 12(2). https://doi.org/0.2478/bjes-2022-0016
Wijayanti, W., Putri, M. C., & Sabila, S. (2020). The Role of the Constitutional Court as a Stimulator of the Amendment of Traffic and Road Transport Act. The 2nd International Conference of Law, Government and Social Justice (ICOLGAS 2020), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201209.275
Xu, Y., Wei, J., Mi, T., & Chen, Z. (2024). Data Security in Autonomous Driving: Multifaceted Challenges of Technology, Law, and Social Ethics. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 16(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16010006
Yuniza, M. E., Eka Pratama, I., & Ramadhaniati, R. C. (2021). Indonesia’s incentive policies on electric vehicles: the questionable effort from the government. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(5), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11453
Zhang, K. (2024). A Review of Current Research and Future Development of Autonomous Driving Technology. Applied and Computational Engineering, 116, 22–28. https://doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/116/20251745
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