Too tired to engage? the impact of emotional exhaustion on outsourced employees with job satisfaction as a mediating variable
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Abstract
Employee engagement is essential to enhancing organizational performance; however, it may be adversely affected by emotional exhaustion, particularly among outsourced workers who often face unique challenges in the workplace. Although employee engagement plays a critical role, there has been insufficient focus on how emotional exhaustion diminishes engagement, particularly among outsourced industrial workers who often encounter intense job demands and limited support. This research seeks to investigate the influence of emotional exhaustion on employee engagement, with job satisfaction considered as a mediating factor. This research explores how emotional exhaustion impacts employee engagement, with job satisfaction functioning as an intermediary in the relationship. The focus is on outsourced personnel working in the Inventory Unit at PT Semen Padang. Utilizing a quantitative method and survey data from 52 outsourced workers, This research utilizes Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze the relationships between variables The analysis indicates that emotional exhaustion does not directly influence engagement. Instead, it significantly lowers job satisfaction, which subsequently enhances engagement demonstrating a full mediation effect. align with the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) model, emphasizing the buffering function of job satisfaction against the negative impact of emotional stress. Practical implications include the need for management to enhance psychological support, stress management, and communication to improve employee satisfaction and engagement. Future research is recommended to explore additional variables and diverse employee populations to deepen the understanding of factors influencing engagement
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How to Cite
Sri Hidayah, R. D. . and Erlin, N. A. . (2025) “Too tired to engage? the impact of emotional exhaustion on outsourced employees with job satisfaction as a mediating variable”, Jurnal Mantik, 9(2), pp. 683-693. doi: 10.35335/mantik.v8i6.6582.
References
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https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1075682
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Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.5465/256287
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https://doi.org/10.26623/slsi.v22i4.9581
Khulub, T., Lukluk, D., & Hidayati, A. (2012). Peran Ganda dan Kelelahan Emosional Terhadap Komitmen Organisasi Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Variabel Mediasi Pada Karyawati CV. Nika Indonesia. Jurnal Maksipreneur |, 2(1), 1–19.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.30588/jmp.v2i1.77
Kusumawati, H., Prajogo, W., Hans, N., & Wijaya, S. (2020). The Relationships Among Job Satisfaction, Emotional Exhaustion, Cynicism, Job Engagement and Creative Work Involvement, Study on Education Institutions in Indonesia. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(6), 3486–3494.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.61841/sh3b4v88
Lee, Y. H., Kwon, H. H., & Richards, K. A. R. (2019). Emotional Intelligence, Unpleasant Emotions, Emotional Exhaustion, and Job Satisfaction in Physical Education Teaching. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 38(3), 262–270.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2018-0177
Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The Meaning of Employee Engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 3–30.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.0002.x
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113.
https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2008). Early Predictors of Job Burnout and Engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 498–512.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.498
Menon, A. S., & Priyadarshini, R. G. (2018). A study on the effect of workplace negativity factors on employee engagement mediated by emotional exhaustion. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 390(1).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/390/1/012027
Perepelkin, J., & Wilson, G. A. (2023). The Mediating Role of Burnout in the Anxiety and Work Engagement Relationship. Journal of Health Management, 25(4), 860–869. https://doi.org/10.1177/09720634231215143
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619.
https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
Santika, P. B., & Sudibia, G. A. (2017). Pengaruh Kelelahan Emosional Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Komitmen Organisasional. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, 6(2), 634–662. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/manajemen/article/view/26247
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Shuck, B., & Wollard, K. (2010). Employee engagement and HRD: A seminal review of the foundations. In Human Resource Development Review (Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 89–110). https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484309353560
Sihaloho, C. N., & Indawati, N. (2021). Peran Mediasi Emotional Exhaustion pada Pengaruh Work Life Balance Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan Wanita di Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 9(1), 228–240.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.26740/jim.v9n1.p228-240
Spector, P. (2014). Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences. In Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231549
Sumri, N., & Mokhtar, D. M. (2023). Survey dataset on workplace incivility, emotional exhaustion and adaptive performance among employees working in the front line: A case study. Data in Brief, 50(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.109497
The Nam, T., & Van Trang, T. (2020). Emotional Exhaustion: How Does it Relate to Work Engagement? JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 18(12), 2020.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.31130/ict-ud.2021.136
Wayan, N., Yuliastini, D., & Putra, M. S. (2015). PENGARUH KELELAHAN EMOSIONAL TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA GURU SMK DI DENPASAR. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, 4(4), 943–959. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/manajemen/article/view/11496
Yao, T., & Methavasaraphak, P. (2023). The Factors Influencing Employee Engagement in Recruitment Companies in Thailand. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 6(10). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i10-27
Zhao, W., & Nuangjamnong, C. (2023). The Effects of Work-family Conflict, Emotional Exhaustion, Job Performance on Job Satisfaction and (Emotional) Affective Commitment among Small Business in China. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 10(01), 7660–7685. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v10i01.10
Azzahra, F., & Wijayanto, T. (2021). The Effect of Emotion Induction on Situation Awareness and Driving Performance. Proceedings of the Second Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, pp, 3456–3463. https://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/2021indonesia/599.pdf
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. In Journal of Managerial Psychology (Vol. 22, Issue 3, pp. 309–328).
https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
Barreto, N., & Mayya, S. (2024). The Role of Job Satisfaction in Enhancing Employee Performance and Customer Experience in the Goan Hospitality Industry: A Case Study. International Journal of Case Studies in Business, IT, and Education, 8(1), 310–325.
https://doi.org/10.47992/ijcsbe.2581.6942.0348
George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (2012). Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior.
Gunawan, C., & Made, S. P. (2016). PENGARUH EMOTIONAL EXHAUSTION DAN MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA KARYAWAN. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, 5(5), 2786–2813.
https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/manajemen/article/view/19794
Gustina, L., Yuwanda, T., & Bella, S. (2022). Bagaimana Kelelahan Emosional Mempengaruhi Komitmen Serta Dampaknya Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Kesehatan di Masa Pasca Pandemi Covid-19. Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 4(2), 322–328.
https://doi.org/10.51214/bocp.v4i2.209
Habibi, N., Amrizal, M. D. R., Rozikin, I. S., & Ahmad, I. F. (2024). Memperkuat Perlindungan Pekerja Outsourcing: Analisis Implementasi Kebijakan. Journal of Social Movements, 1(1), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.62491/jsm.v1i1.2024.5
Hair, J. F., Tomas, G., Hult, M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2019). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354331182
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268
Huang, Y. H., Lee, J., McFadden, A. C., Murphy, L. A., Robertson, M. M., Cheung, J. H., & Zohar, D. (2016). Beyond safety outcomes: An investigation of the impact of safety climate on job satisfaction, employee engagement and turnover using social exchange theory as the theoretical framework. Applied Ergonomics, 55, 248–257.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.10.007
Ibrahim, B. A., & Hussein, S. M. (2024). Relationship between resilience at work, work engagement and job satisfaction among engineers: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18507-9
Indhumathi, R. (2023). Impact of Workplace Ostracism, Emotion Exhaustion on Employee Engagement and Employee Wellbeing Among IT Women Professionals in India. IPE Journal of Management, 13(2), 87–108.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1075682
Islami, N. A., Suryanti, R., Ardianto, R. E., Salabi, A., Nugroho, B. S., Pelita Bangsa, U., Banjarmasin, A., & Akamigas, P. (2024). Pengaruh Kesejahteraan Karyawan, Lingkungan Kerja, dan Hubungan Interpersonal terhadap Produktivitas Kerja. El Mal: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam, 5(10), 4323.
https://doi.org/10.47467/elmal.v5i10.5447
Jahadhiya Firdausi M, Dr. P.V Lal Wilson, & Dr. Amutha G Williams. (2024). The Influence of Job Satisfaction on Employees in The Banking Industry. International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering and Management (IRJAEM), 2(09), 3075–3078. https://doi.org/10.47392/irjaem.2024.0453
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.5465/256287
Khairana, S., Priatna, S. F., & Emilisa, N. (2024). Employee Engagement Sebagai Mediator Positive Emotions dan Exhaustion Terhadap Intention To Stay. SOLUSI?: Jurnal Ilmiah Bidang Ilmu Ekonomi, 22(4), 480–498.
https://doi.org/10.26623/slsi.v22i4.9581
Khulub, T., Lukluk, D., & Hidayati, A. (2012). Peran Ganda dan Kelelahan Emosional Terhadap Komitmen Organisasi Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Variabel Mediasi Pada Karyawati CV. Nika Indonesia. Jurnal Maksipreneur |, 2(1), 1–19.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.30588/jmp.v2i1.77
Kusumawati, H., Prajogo, W., Hans, N., & Wijaya, S. (2020). The Relationships Among Job Satisfaction, Emotional Exhaustion, Cynicism, Job Engagement and Creative Work Involvement, Study on Education Institutions in Indonesia. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(6), 3486–3494.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.61841/sh3b4v88
Lee, Y. H., Kwon, H. H., & Richards, K. A. R. (2019). Emotional Intelligence, Unpleasant Emotions, Emotional Exhaustion, and Job Satisfaction in Physical Education Teaching. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 38(3), 262–270.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2018-0177
Macey, W. H., & Schneider, B. (2008). The Meaning of Employee Engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1), 3–30.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.0002.x
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113.
https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2008). Early Predictors of Job Burnout and Engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 498–512.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.498
Menon, A. S., & Priyadarshini, R. G. (2018). A study on the effect of workplace negativity factors on employee engagement mediated by emotional exhaustion. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 390(1).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/390/1/012027
Perepelkin, J., & Wilson, G. A. (2023). The Mediating Role of Burnout in the Anxiety and Work Engagement Relationship. Journal of Health Management, 25(4), 860–869. https://doi.org/10.1177/09720634231215143
Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619.
https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
Santika, P. B., & Sudibia, G. A. (2017). Pengaruh Kelelahan Emosional Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Komitmen Organisasional. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, 6(2), 634–662. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/manajemen/article/view/26247
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Shuck, B., & Wollard, K. (2010). Employee engagement and HRD: A seminal review of the foundations. In Human Resource Development Review (Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 89–110). https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484309353560
Sihaloho, C. N., & Indawati, N. (2021). Peran Mediasi Emotional Exhaustion pada Pengaruh Work Life Balance Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan Wanita di Universitas Negeri Surabaya. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 9(1), 228–240.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.26740/jim.v9n1.p228-240
Spector, P. (2014). Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences. In Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes, and Consequences. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452231549
Sumri, N., & Mokhtar, D. M. (2023). Survey dataset on workplace incivility, emotional exhaustion and adaptive performance among employees working in the front line: A case study. Data in Brief, 50(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.109497
The Nam, T., & Van Trang, T. (2020). Emotional Exhaustion: How Does it Relate to Work Engagement? JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 18(12), 2020.
https://doi.org/doi.org/10.31130/ict-ud.2021.136
Wayan, N., Yuliastini, D., & Putra, M. S. (2015). PENGARUH KELELAHAN EMOSIONAL TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA GURU SMK DI DENPASAR. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, 4(4), 943–959. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/manajemen/article/view/11496
Yao, T., & Methavasaraphak, P. (2023). The Factors Influencing Employee Engagement in Recruitment Companies in Thailand. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 6(10). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v6-i10-27
Zhao, W., & Nuangjamnong, C. (2023). The Effects of Work-family Conflict, Emotional Exhaustion, Job Performance on Job Satisfaction and (Emotional) Affective Commitment among Small Business in China. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention, 10(01), 7660–7685. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v10i01.10
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