Evaluating mental workload in manufacturing: A decision support perspective on production line operators
Main Article Content
Abstract
Mental workload is the gap between the requirements of a task and a person's highest achievable capacity when working under motivated conditions. At PT. XYZ, the high production demands have resulted in significant overtime hours for employees. In one of the production buildings, employees are reported to work overtime almost daily. According to overtime records, individual employees experience up to 143 hours of overtime per month. This study investigates the mental workload of production line employees using the NASA-TLX questionnaire, followed by a cause-and-effect analysis. The NASA-TLX assessment classified all operators as experiencing high levels of mental workload. These findings were further analyzed through a cause-and-effect diagram, which revealed that high mental workload levels were influenced by human factors, equipment, methods, and the working environment.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Hadyanawati, A. A. . (2025) “Evaluating mental workload in manufacturing: A decision support perspective on production line operators”, Jurnal Mantik, 9(2), pp. 431-440. doi: 10.35335/mantik.v8i6.6564.
References
Berthon, L., Bernard, F., Fleury, S., Paquin, R., & Richir, S. (2025). Multi-dimensional measurement of mental workload in industrial context: an experiment in the field of helicopter maintenance. Applied Ergonomics, 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104599
Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L., & Thomas, J. P. (1994). Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, Vol. 2: Cognitive Processes and Performance (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.
Borghini, G., Astolfi, L., Vecchiato, G., Mattia, D., & Babiloni, F. (2014). Measuring neurophysiological signals in aircraft pilots and car drivers for the assessment of mental workload, fatigue and drowsiness. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 44, 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.003
Dausat, M., & Puspitasari, N. (2024). Analisis Beban Kerja Mental Menggunakan NASA_TLX Pada Operator Wafer Stick. Industrial Engineering Online Journal, 13(1).
Diana, Y. (2019). Pengaruh Beban Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan di Housekeeping Departement Pada Hotel Bintan Lagoon Resort. Jurnal Manajemen Tools, 11(2).
Glimne, S., Brautaset, R., & Österman, C. (2020). Visual fatigue during control room work in process industries. Work, 65(4), 903–914. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-203141
Granotto, G. F., Sgarbossa, F., Glock, C. H., & Grosse, E. H. (2019). The effect of worker fatigue on the performance of a bucket brigade order picking system. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52(13), 2195–2200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.531
Hancock, P. A., & Meshkati, N. (1988). Human Mental Workload. Elsevier Science Publisher.
Hernandez, R., Pyatak, E. A., Vigen, C. L. P., Jin, H., Schneider, S., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Roll, S. C. (2021). Understanding worker well-being relative to high-workload and recovery activities across a whole day: Pilot testing an ecological momentary assessment technique. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910354
Inegbedion, H., Inegbedion, E., Peter, A., & Harry, L. (2020). Perception of workload balance and employee job satisfaction in work organisations. Heliyon, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03160
Ishikawa, K. (1968). Guide to Quality Control. JUSE.
Jame Chenarboo, F., Hekmatshoar, R., & Fallahi, M. (2022). The influence of physical and mental workload on the safe behavior of employees in the automobile industry. Heliyon, 8(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11034
Johnson, A., & Widyanti, A. (2011). Cultural influences on the measurement of subjective mental workload. Ergonomics, 54(6), 509–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.570459
Junaedi, D., Rizkiyah, N. D., & Pratya, D. B. (2020). Determination of the Optimal Number of Workers Usingthe NASA-TLX Method in Chemical Company, Indonesia. International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology, 06(07), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.31695/ijerat.2020.3627
Li, G., Liu, C., & He, Y. (2021). The effect of thermal discomfort on human well-being, psychological response and performance. Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 27(7), 960–970. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2021.1910471
Longo, L. (2015). A defeasible reasoning framework for human mental workload representation and assessment. Behaviour & Information Technology, 34(8), 758–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2015.1015166
Marie Wibisono, P., & Timotius, E. (2023). The Psychological And Social Impacts Of Worker-Machine Interactions In The Manufacturing Industry: A Systematic Literature Review. In Jurnal Teknik Industri (Vol. 18, Issue 3).
Mohammadian, M., Parsaei, H., Mokarami, H., & Kazemi, R. (2022). Cognitive demands and mental workload: A filed study of the mining control room operators. Heliyon, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08860
Nyoman, N., & Florenta, R. (2022). The Influence of Workload and Job Stress Against Burnout and Its Impact on Employee Performance of PT Bank BPD Bali Main Branch Denpasar. JUSTBEST: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management, 2(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.52432/justbest.2.1.2022.35-43
Orman, ?. J., Krawczyk, N., Radek, N., Honus, S., Pietraszek, J., D?bska, L., Dudek, A., & Kalinowski, A. (2023). Comparative Analysis of Indoor Environmental Quality and Self-Reported Productivity in Intelligent and Traditional Buildings. Energies, 16(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186663
Purwanti, I., Suyanto, U. Y., Dzikri Abadi, M., Darianto, D., & Liliana, D. (2022). The Role of Burnout between Workload, Work Stress, and Employee Performance: Mediation Model. KnE Social Sciences, 70–85. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i10.11210
Ramadhan, R., Tama, I. P., & Efranto, R. Y. (2014). Analisa Beban Kerja Dengan Menggunakan Work Sampling dan NASA-TLX Untuk Menentukan Jumlah Operator (Studi Kasus: PT XYZ). Jurnal Rekayasa Dan Manajemen Sistem Industri, 2(5).
Ramadhana, H., Nasution, H., & Absah, Y. (2021). Mental Workload Analysis Using NASA-TLX Method at Bank XYZ - Medan Balaikota Consumer Loan Unit. International Journal of Research and Review, 8(12), 622–626. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20211275
Satria, S., & Sari, R. P. (2025). Assessment of Mental Workload Focusing on Work Performance Dimension Using NASA-TLX: A Case. https://doi.org/10.24853/jurtek.17.2.181-192
Stefano Leatemia, Agusdini Banun, & Hasyim Hasyim. (2023). The Impact Of Workload, Availability Of PPE Facilities And Organizational Support On The Work Stress Of Health Workers Taking Attention To Covid-19 Patients At RS Keluarga Kita. The Journal General Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research, 1(4), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.57213/tjghpsr.v1i4.162
Tarwaka, Bakri, S. H., & Sudiajeng, L. (2004). Ergonomi untuk keselamatan, kesehatan kerja dan produktivitas (1st ed.). UNIBA PRESS.
Boff, K. R., Kaufman, L., & Thomas, J. P. (1994). Handbook of Perception and Human Performance, Vol. 2: Cognitive Processes and Performance (Vol. 2). John Wiley & Sons.
Borghini, G., Astolfi, L., Vecchiato, G., Mattia, D., & Babiloni, F. (2014). Measuring neurophysiological signals in aircraft pilots and car drivers for the assessment of mental workload, fatigue and drowsiness. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 44, 58–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.003
Dausat, M., & Puspitasari, N. (2024). Analisis Beban Kerja Mental Menggunakan NASA_TLX Pada Operator Wafer Stick. Industrial Engineering Online Journal, 13(1).
Diana, Y. (2019). Pengaruh Beban Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan di Housekeeping Departement Pada Hotel Bintan Lagoon Resort. Jurnal Manajemen Tools, 11(2).
Glimne, S., Brautaset, R., & Österman, C. (2020). Visual fatigue during control room work in process industries. Work, 65(4), 903–914. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-203141
Granotto, G. F., Sgarbossa, F., Glock, C. H., & Grosse, E. H. (2019). The effect of worker fatigue on the performance of a bucket brigade order picking system. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 52(13), 2195–2200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.11.531
Hancock, P. A., & Meshkati, N. (1988). Human Mental Workload. Elsevier Science Publisher.
Hernandez, R., Pyatak, E. A., Vigen, C. L. P., Jin, H., Schneider, S., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Roll, S. C. (2021). Understanding worker well-being relative to high-workload and recovery activities across a whole day: Pilot testing an ecological momentary assessment technique. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910354
Inegbedion, H., Inegbedion, E., Peter, A., & Harry, L. (2020). Perception of workload balance and employee job satisfaction in work organisations. Heliyon, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03160
Ishikawa, K. (1968). Guide to Quality Control. JUSE.
Jame Chenarboo, F., Hekmatshoar, R., & Fallahi, M. (2022). The influence of physical and mental workload on the safe behavior of employees in the automobile industry. Heliyon, 8(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11034
Johnson, A., & Widyanti, A. (2011). Cultural influences on the measurement of subjective mental workload. Ergonomics, 54(6), 509–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2011.570459
Junaedi, D., Rizkiyah, N. D., & Pratya, D. B. (2020). Determination of the Optimal Number of Workers Usingthe NASA-TLX Method in Chemical Company, Indonesia. International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology, 06(07), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.31695/ijerat.2020.3627
Li, G., Liu, C., & He, Y. (2021). The effect of thermal discomfort on human well-being, psychological response and performance. Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 27(7), 960–970. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2021.1910471
Longo, L. (2015). A defeasible reasoning framework for human mental workload representation and assessment. Behaviour & Information Technology, 34(8), 758–786. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2015.1015166
Marie Wibisono, P., & Timotius, E. (2023). The Psychological And Social Impacts Of Worker-Machine Interactions In The Manufacturing Industry: A Systematic Literature Review. In Jurnal Teknik Industri (Vol. 18, Issue 3).
Mohammadian, M., Parsaei, H., Mokarami, H., & Kazemi, R. (2022). Cognitive demands and mental workload: A filed study of the mining control room operators. Heliyon, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08860
Nyoman, N., & Florenta, R. (2022). The Influence of Workload and Job Stress Against Burnout and Its Impact on Employee Performance of PT Bank BPD Bali Main Branch Denpasar. JUSTBEST: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management, 2(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.52432/justbest.2.1.2022.35-43
Orman, ?. J., Krawczyk, N., Radek, N., Honus, S., Pietraszek, J., D?bska, L., Dudek, A., & Kalinowski, A. (2023). Comparative Analysis of Indoor Environmental Quality and Self-Reported Productivity in Intelligent and Traditional Buildings. Energies, 16(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186663
Purwanti, I., Suyanto, U. Y., Dzikri Abadi, M., Darianto, D., & Liliana, D. (2022). The Role of Burnout between Workload, Work Stress, and Employee Performance: Mediation Model. KnE Social Sciences, 70–85. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v7i10.11210
Ramadhan, R., Tama, I. P., & Efranto, R. Y. (2014). Analisa Beban Kerja Dengan Menggunakan Work Sampling dan NASA-TLX Untuk Menentukan Jumlah Operator (Studi Kasus: PT XYZ). Jurnal Rekayasa Dan Manajemen Sistem Industri, 2(5).
Ramadhana, H., Nasution, H., & Absah, Y. (2021). Mental Workload Analysis Using NASA-TLX Method at Bank XYZ - Medan Balaikota Consumer Loan Unit. International Journal of Research and Review, 8(12), 622–626. https://doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20211275
Satria, S., & Sari, R. P. (2025). Assessment of Mental Workload Focusing on Work Performance Dimension Using NASA-TLX: A Case. https://doi.org/10.24853/jurtek.17.2.181-192
Stefano Leatemia, Agusdini Banun, & Hasyim Hasyim. (2023). The Impact Of Workload, Availability Of PPE Facilities And Organizational Support On The Work Stress Of Health Workers Taking Attention To Covid-19 Patients At RS Keluarga Kita. The Journal General Health and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research, 1(4), 115–127. https://doi.org/10.57213/tjghpsr.v1i4.162
Tarwaka, Bakri, S. H., & Sudiajeng, L. (2004). Ergonomi untuk keselamatan, kesehatan kerja dan produktivitas (1st ed.). UNIBA PRESS.
Copyright and Licensing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.