The influence of work overload, person-job fit, and work engagement on employee performance through job stress as a variable intervening in automotive companies
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Aug 11, 2023
Keywords:
Employee Performance, Job Stress, Person-Job Fit, Work Engagement, Work Overload
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Decision Support System
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Abstract
Internal factors that affect employee performance include employee quality and competence related to education, training, work ethic, motivation, and mental resilience that affect work stress thresholds, the suitability of employee characteristics with the field of work and the physical condition of employees. This study aims to examine the factors that affect employee performance to help companies evaluate work, especially in terms of work overload, person-job fit, and work engagement. The research uses quantitative methods with 100 employees from the Pontianak City automotive industry as subjects. The analysis of this study is a structural approach to the Equation Model (SEM) with the help of smart PLS. The workload variable has a significant positive effect on work stress, the person-job fit variable has a significant negative effect on work, the work engagement variable has a significant negative effect on work stress, the work overload variable has no effect on employee performance, and person-job fit variable has a significant positive effect on performance employees, there is a significant positive effect between work engagement variables on employee performance, a significant negative effect between work stress variables on employee performance, a significant negative effect between workload variables on employee performance mediated by work stress, a significant negative effect between person-job fit variables on employee performance is mediated by work stress. There is no influence between variables on employee performance.
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Pelealu, D. R. (2023) “The influence of work overload, person-job fit, and work engagement on employee performance through job stress as a variable intervening in automotive companies”, Jurnal Mantik, 7(2), pp. 1175-1188. doi: 10.35335/mantik.v7i2.4036.
References
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Bakker, A. ., & Leiter, M. P. (2010). Work engagement?: a handbook of essential theory and research. Psychology Press.
Berisha, G., & Lajçi, R. (2020). Fit to last? Investigating how person-job fit and person-organization fit affect turnover intention in the retail context. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 11(2), 407–428.
Bohlander, G., & Snell, S. (2004). Principles of Human Resource. Management (15th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Bowen, D., Ledford, G., & Nathan, B. (1997). Hiring for The Organization, Not The Job. Academy of Management Executive, 5(5).
Bright, L. (2021). Does Person Organization Fit and Person-Job Fit Mediate the Relationship between Public Service Motivation and Work Stress among US Federal Employees? Administrative Sciences, 11(2).
Busse, R., & Regenberg, S. (2019). Revisiting the “authoritarian versus participative” leadership style legacy: A new model of the impact of leadership inclusiveness on employee engagement. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 26(4), 510–525.
Cain. B. (2007). A Review of the mental workload literature. Defence Research and Development Canada Toronto. Human System Intergration Section, Canada.
Damayanti, D., Rimadias, S., Haque, M. G., Sunarsi, D., Kosasih, K., & Kesumadewi, R. R. V. (2021). Peran Work Overload, Work Environment, Work Family Conflict & Work Stress Terhadap Job Performance. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 7(3), 192–206.
De Looff, P. C., Cornet, L. J. M., Embregts, P. J. C. M., Nijman, H. L. I., & Didden, H. C. M. (2018). Associations of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in job stress and burnout: A systematic review. PLoS One, 13(10).
Deng, X., Liu, X., & Fang, R. (2020). Evaluation of the correlation between job stress and sleep quality in community nurses. Medicine, 99(4).
Diamantidis, A. D., & Chatzoglou, P. (2019). Factors affecting employee performance: an empirical approach. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(1), 171–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-01-2018-0012
Farzaneh, J., Dehghanpour Farashah, A., & Kazemi, M. (2014). The impact of person-job fit and person-organization fit on OCB. Personnel Review, 43(5), 672–691.
Fern, P., & Kimura, T. (2018). Work Overload and Intimidation: The Moderating Role of Resilience. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2018.03.002
Fonkeng, C. (2018). Effects of job-stress on employee performance in an enterprise: A microfinance institution in Cameroon. CENTRIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES.
French, J. R. P., Caplan, R. D., & Van Harrison, R. (1982). The Mechanisms of Job Stress and Strain. Wiley Online Library.
Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program IBM SPSS 25 (Sembilan). In Semarang, Universitas Diponegoro.
Gul, Usman, Liu, Rehman, & Jebran. (2018). Does the effect of power distance moderate the relation between person environment fit and job satisfaction leading to job performance? Evidence from Afghanistan and Pakistan. Future Business Journal, 4(1), 68–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j. fbj.2017.12.001
Iqbal, N., Khan, M. M., Mohmand, Y. T., & Mujtaba, B. G. (2020). The impact of in-service training and motivation on job performance of technical & vocational education teachers: Role of person-job fit. Public Organization Review, 20(3), 529–548.
Irwandy. (2007). Faktor – faktor yang berhubungan dengan beban kerja perawat di unit rawat inap RSJ dadi makasar tahun 2005. Universitas Hasanuddin Munandar.
Jeon, M. K., Yoon, H., & Yang, Y. (2022). Emotional Dissonance, Job Stress, and Intrinsic Motivation of Married Women Working in Call Centers: The Roles of Work Overload and Work-Family Conflict. Administrative Sciences, 12(1), 27.
Kakkos, N., & Trivellas, P. (2011). Investigating the link between motivation, work stress and job performance. Evidence from the banking industry. In 8th international conference on enterprise systems, accounting and logistics. 408–428.
Karatepe, O. M., Beirami, E., Bouzari, M., & Safavi, H. P. (2014). Does work engagement mediate the effects of challenge stressors on job outcomes? Evidence from the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 14–22.
Kasmir. (2016). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia (Teori dan Praktik). PT. Rajagrafindo Persada.
Lai, F. Y., Tang, H. C., Lu, S. C., Lee, Y. C., & Lin, C. C. (2020). Transformational leadership and job performance: The mediating role of work engagement. Sage Open, 10(1), 2158244019899085.
Lu, C., Wang, H., Lu, J., Du, D., & Bakker, A. (2014). Does work engagement increaseperson-job fit? The role of crafting and job insecurity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(2), 142–152.
Lutfiyah, L., Oetomo, H. W., & Suhermin, S. (2020). Pengaruh Kompetensi Dan Budaya Kerja Terhadap Person Job Fit Dan Kinerja Karyawan Pada Pt Andromedia. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen (JIM), 8(3), 684–699.
Macey, W. H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K. M., & Young, S. A. (2009). Employee Engagement: Tools for Analysis, Practice, and Competitive Advantage.
Martínez-Martí, M. L., & Ruch, W. (2017). The relationship between orientations to happiness and job satisfaction one year later in a representative sample of employees in Switzerland. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(1), 1–15.
Maulina, A. R., & Wicaksono, D. A. (2021). Pengaruh Work Overload dan Perceived Organizational Support dengan Job Stress Pegawai Bank di Masa Pandemi. Buletin Studi Psikologi Dan Kesehatan Mental (BRPKM), 1(1), 797–809.
Mittal, M., & Bhakar, S. S. (2018). Examining the impact of role overload on job stress, job satisfaction and job performance-a study among married working women in banking sector. International Journal of Management Studies, 2(7), 1–11.
Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., ..., & Huang, H. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID?19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(5), 1002–1009.
Morgan, D. T., & King, R. A. (1986). Introduction to Psychology. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Moussa, M., Doumani, T., McMurray, A., Muenjohn, N., & Deng, L. (2022). Performance Management Across Cultures. In Cross-Cultural Performance Management, 1–21.
Mujiasih, E., & Ratnaningsih, I. Z. (2012). Meningkatkan work engagement melalui gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dan budaya organisasi. Jurnal Psikologi, 3–8.
Naru, A. S., & Rehman, A. (2020). Impact of Job Insecurity and Work Overload on Employee Performance With the Mediating Role of Employee Stress: A Case of Pakistan’s Fast-food Industry. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 10(1). https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.5296/ijhrs. v10i1, 15741.
Nguyen, P. T., Yandi, A., & Mahaputra, M. R. (2020). Factors that influence employee performance: motivation, leadership, environment, culture organization, work achievement, competence and compensation (A study of human resource management literature studies). Dinasti International Journal of Digital Business Management, 1(4), 645–662.
Niks, I., De Jonge, J., Gevers, J., & Houtman, I. (2018). Work stress interventions in hospital care: Effectiveness of the DISCovery method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 332.
O’Donnell, R. D., & Eggemeier, F. T. (1986). Workload Assessment Methodology. Wiley Online Library.
Othman, A. K. B., Yunnus, N. P. B., & Salleh, M. (2019). The Influence of Graduates’ Learning Competencies on Employability: The Mediating Effects of Person-Job Fit and Person-Organization Fit. In Contemporary Management and Science Issues in the Halal Industry, 355–372.
Pandey, D. L. (2020). Work stress and employee performance: an assessment of impact of work stress. International Research Journal of Human Resource and Social Sciences, 7(05), 124–135.
Prusty, T., & Kumar, S. (2016). Effectivity of Corporate Governance on Financial Performance of IT Companies in India with Special Reference to Corporate Board. Amity Journal of Corporate Governance, 1(1), 15–33.
Rafiq, I., Azhar, S., Mordhah, N., Hussain, J., & Parveen, A. (2022). Does Emotional Intelligence Dwindle the Stress Due to Time Pressure and Work Overload? A Case Study of Nurses in Public Hospitals. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 28(1).
Rajper, Z. A., Ghumro, I. A., & Mangi, R. A. (2019). Linking person job fit to employee job performance amid employees of services sector: The role of burnout as mediator. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 6(4), 188–199.
Rajper, Zulfiqar Ali, Ghumro, I. A., & Mangi, R. A. (2020). The impact of person job fit and person organization fit on employee job performance: A study among employees of services sector. Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences, 12(January), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.34091/jass.13.1.05
Rich, B. L., Lepine, J., & Crawford, E. (2010). Job Engagement: Antecedent and Effects on Job Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617–635.
Rivai, V., & Sagala, E. (2014). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia untuk Perusahaan. Rajawali Press.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge., T. A. (2016). Perilaku Organisasi (16th ed.). Salemba Empat.
Rutkowski, R. A., Ponnala, S., Gonzalez-Vargas, J., Gilmore-Bykovskyi, A., Block, L., Kind, A. J., & Werner, N. E. (2019). Conceptualizing caregiver workload: an exploratory study guided by NASA TLX. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 63(1), 17–21.
Sahaduta, B. Y., & Noermijati. (2017). Pengaruh Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) dan Work Overload Terhadap Job Stress pada Karyawan PT. Bahari Utama Karya. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis.
Saputra, H. (2021). Pengaruh Work Engagement Dan Stress Kerja Terhadap Turnover Intention Karyawan Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Intervening Studi Di PT. Kapal Api Cabang Kebumen. Universitas Putra Bangsa.
Saraswati, K. D. (2019). Work engagement: The impact of psychological capital and organizational justice and its influence on turnover Intention. J. Mgt. Mkt. Review, 4(1), 86–91.
Schaufeli, & Bakker. (2006). Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde? On The Differences Between Work Engangement and Workaholism. Edward Elgard Publishing.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701–716.
Schultz, D., & Schultz, S. E. (2015). Psychology and Work Today: Pearson New International (CourseSmar). Routledge.
Schwepker Jr, C. H., & Dimitriou, C. K. (2021). Using ethical leadership to reduce job stress and improve performance quality in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102860.
Sekiguchi, T. (2004). Person Organization Fit and person Job Fit in Employee Selection: A Review of The Literature. Osaka Keidai Ronshu, 54(6), 179–196.
Sugiyanto. (2013). Beban Kerja: Konsep dan Pengukuran. Buletin Psikologi, 1, 2.
Tomás, J. M., de los Santos, S., Georgieva, S., & Enrique, S. (2018). Utrecht work engagement scale in Dominican teachers: Dimensionality, reliability, and validity. Revista de Psicología Del Trabajo y de Las Organizaciones, 34(2), 89–93.
To?c?, A., Ioni??, C., St?nescu, D. F., & Stanciu, A. (2019). Innovative Solutions For Online Recruitment-Gamified Assessment. Postmodern Openings/Deschideri Postmoderne, 10(1).
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on Models of Job Performance. International Journal of Selection And Assessment, 8.
Wang, C. H., & Chen, H. T. (2020). Relationships among workplace incivility, work engagement and job performance. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 3(4).
Wolor, C. W. (2019). The Effect of Work Stress, Compensation and Motivation on the Performance of Sales People. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change.
Yakobi, O. (2018). Determinants of association and dissociation between subjective and objective measures of workload. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 62(1), 222–226.
Yang, J., Pu, B., & Guan, Z. (2019). Entrepreneurial leadership and turnover intention of employees: The role of affective commitment and person-job fit. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2380.
Yazgan, E., Erdi, S. E. R. T., & ??M?EK, D. (2021). Overview of Studies on the Cognitive Workload of the Air Traffic Controller. International Journal of Aviation Science and Technology, 2(1), 28–36.
Asmike, M., & Setiono, B. (2020). Pengaruh Person Job-Fit Dan Stres Kerja Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan (Studi pada Karyawan Outsource Bank BCA KCU Madiun). Capital: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 2(3), 174–192.
Bakker, A. ., & Leiter, M. P. (2010). Work engagement?: a handbook of essential theory and research. Psychology Press.
Berisha, G., & Lajçi, R. (2020). Fit to last? Investigating how person-job fit and person-organization fit affect turnover intention in the retail context. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 11(2), 407–428.
Bohlander, G., & Snell, S. (2004). Principles of Human Resource. Management (15th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Bowen, D., Ledford, G., & Nathan, B. (1997). Hiring for The Organization, Not The Job. Academy of Management Executive, 5(5).
Bright, L. (2021). Does Person Organization Fit and Person-Job Fit Mediate the Relationship between Public Service Motivation and Work Stress among US Federal Employees? Administrative Sciences, 11(2).
Busse, R., & Regenberg, S. (2019). Revisiting the “authoritarian versus participative” leadership style legacy: A new model of the impact of leadership inclusiveness on employee engagement. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 26(4), 510–525.
Cain. B. (2007). A Review of the mental workload literature. Defence Research and Development Canada Toronto. Human System Intergration Section, Canada.
Damayanti, D., Rimadias, S., Haque, M. G., Sunarsi, D., Kosasih, K., & Kesumadewi, R. R. V. (2021). Peran Work Overload, Work Environment, Work Family Conflict & Work Stress Terhadap Job Performance. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 7(3), 192–206.
De Looff, P. C., Cornet, L. J. M., Embregts, P. J. C. M., Nijman, H. L. I., & Didden, H. C. M. (2018). Associations of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in job stress and burnout: A systematic review. PLoS One, 13(10).
Deng, X., Liu, X., & Fang, R. (2020). Evaluation of the correlation between job stress and sleep quality in community nurses. Medicine, 99(4).
Diamantidis, A. D., & Chatzoglou, P. (2019). Factors affecting employee performance: an empirical approach. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 68(1), 171–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-01-2018-0012
Farzaneh, J., Dehghanpour Farashah, A., & Kazemi, M. (2014). The impact of person-job fit and person-organization fit on OCB. Personnel Review, 43(5), 672–691.
Fern, P., & Kimura, T. (2018). Work Overload and Intimidation: The Moderating Role of Resilience. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2018.03.002
Fonkeng, C. (2018). Effects of job-stress on employee performance in an enterprise: A microfinance institution in Cameroon. CENTRIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES.
French, J. R. P., Caplan, R. D., & Van Harrison, R. (1982). The Mechanisms of Job Stress and Strain. Wiley Online Library.
Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program IBM SPSS 25 (Sembilan). In Semarang, Universitas Diponegoro.
Gul, Usman, Liu, Rehman, & Jebran. (2018). Does the effect of power distance moderate the relation between person environment fit and job satisfaction leading to job performance? Evidence from Afghanistan and Pakistan. Future Business Journal, 4(1), 68–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j. fbj.2017.12.001
Iqbal, N., Khan, M. M., Mohmand, Y. T., & Mujtaba, B. G. (2020). The impact of in-service training and motivation on job performance of technical & vocational education teachers: Role of person-job fit. Public Organization Review, 20(3), 529–548.
Irwandy. (2007). Faktor – faktor yang berhubungan dengan beban kerja perawat di unit rawat inap RSJ dadi makasar tahun 2005. Universitas Hasanuddin Munandar.
Jeon, M. K., Yoon, H., & Yang, Y. (2022). Emotional Dissonance, Job Stress, and Intrinsic Motivation of Married Women Working in Call Centers: The Roles of Work Overload and Work-Family Conflict. Administrative Sciences, 12(1), 27.
Kakkos, N., & Trivellas, P. (2011). Investigating the link between motivation, work stress and job performance. Evidence from the banking industry. In 8th international conference on enterprise systems, accounting and logistics. 408–428.
Karatepe, O. M., Beirami, E., Bouzari, M., & Safavi, H. P. (2014). Does work engagement mediate the effects of challenge stressors on job outcomes? Evidence from the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 14–22.
Kasmir. (2016). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia (Teori dan Praktik). PT. Rajagrafindo Persada.
Lai, F. Y., Tang, H. C., Lu, S. C., Lee, Y. C., & Lin, C. C. (2020). Transformational leadership and job performance: The mediating role of work engagement. Sage Open, 10(1), 2158244019899085.
Lu, C., Wang, H., Lu, J., Du, D., & Bakker, A. (2014). Does work engagement increaseperson-job fit? The role of crafting and job insecurity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(2), 142–152.
Lutfiyah, L., Oetomo, H. W., & Suhermin, S. (2020). Pengaruh Kompetensi Dan Budaya Kerja Terhadap Person Job Fit Dan Kinerja Karyawan Pada Pt Andromedia. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen (JIM), 8(3), 684–699.
Macey, W. H., Schneider, B., Barbera, K. M., & Young, S. A. (2009). Employee Engagement: Tools for Analysis, Practice, and Competitive Advantage.
Martínez-Martí, M. L., & Ruch, W. (2017). The relationship between orientations to happiness and job satisfaction one year later in a representative sample of employees in Switzerland. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(1), 1–15.
Maulina, A. R., & Wicaksono, D. A. (2021). Pengaruh Work Overload dan Perceived Organizational Support dengan Job Stress Pegawai Bank di Masa Pandemi. Buletin Studi Psikologi Dan Kesehatan Mental (BRPKM), 1(1), 797–809.
Mittal, M., & Bhakar, S. S. (2018). Examining the impact of role overload on job stress, job satisfaction and job performance-a study among married working women in banking sector. International Journal of Management Studies, 2(7), 1–11.
Mo, Y., Deng, L., Zhang, L., Lang, Q., Liao, C., Wang, N., ..., & Huang, H. (2020). Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID?19 epidemic. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(5), 1002–1009.
Morgan, D. T., & King, R. A. (1986). Introduction to Psychology. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Moussa, M., Doumani, T., McMurray, A., Muenjohn, N., & Deng, L. (2022). Performance Management Across Cultures. In Cross-Cultural Performance Management, 1–21.
Mujiasih, E., & Ratnaningsih, I. Z. (2012). Meningkatkan work engagement melalui gaya kepemimpinan transformasional dan budaya organisasi. Jurnal Psikologi, 3–8.
Naru, A. S., & Rehman, A. (2020). Impact of Job Insecurity and Work Overload on Employee Performance With the Mediating Role of Employee Stress: A Case of Pakistan’s Fast-food Industry. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 10(1). https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.5296/ijhrs. v10i1, 15741.
Nguyen, P. T., Yandi, A., & Mahaputra, M. R. (2020). Factors that influence employee performance: motivation, leadership, environment, culture organization, work achievement, competence and compensation (A study of human resource management literature studies). Dinasti International Journal of Digital Business Management, 1(4), 645–662.
Niks, I., De Jonge, J., Gevers, J., & Houtman, I. (2018). Work stress interventions in hospital care: Effectiveness of the DISCovery method. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 332.
O’Donnell, R. D., & Eggemeier, F. T. (1986). Workload Assessment Methodology. Wiley Online Library.
Othman, A. K. B., Yunnus, N. P. B., & Salleh, M. (2019). The Influence of Graduates’ Learning Competencies on Employability: The Mediating Effects of Person-Job Fit and Person-Organization Fit. In Contemporary Management and Science Issues in the Halal Industry, 355–372.
Pandey, D. L. (2020). Work stress and employee performance: an assessment of impact of work stress. International Research Journal of Human Resource and Social Sciences, 7(05), 124–135.
Prusty, T., & Kumar, S. (2016). Effectivity of Corporate Governance on Financial Performance of IT Companies in India with Special Reference to Corporate Board. Amity Journal of Corporate Governance, 1(1), 15–33.
Rafiq, I., Azhar, S., Mordhah, N., Hussain, J., & Parveen, A. (2022). Does Emotional Intelligence Dwindle the Stress Due to Time Pressure and Work Overload? A Case Study of Nurses in Public Hospitals. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 28(1).
Rajper, Z. A., Ghumro, I. A., & Mangi, R. A. (2019). Linking person job fit to employee job performance amid employees of services sector: The role of burnout as mediator. Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences, 6(4), 188–199.
Rajper, Zulfiqar Ali, Ghumro, I. A., & Mangi, R. A. (2020). The impact of person job fit and person organization fit on employee job performance: A study among employees of services sector. Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences, 12(January), 84–94. https://doi.org/10.34091/jass.13.1.05
Rich, B. L., Lepine, J., & Crawford, E. (2010). Job Engagement: Antecedent and Effects on Job Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617–635.
Rivai, V., & Sagala, E. (2014). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia untuk Perusahaan. Rajawali Press.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge., T. A. (2016). Perilaku Organisasi (16th ed.). Salemba Empat.
Rutkowski, R. A., Ponnala, S., Gonzalez-Vargas, J., Gilmore-Bykovskyi, A., Block, L., Kind, A. J., & Werner, N. E. (2019). Conceptualizing caregiver workload: an exploratory study guided by NASA TLX. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 63(1), 17–21.
Sahaduta, B. Y., & Noermijati. (2017). Pengaruh Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja (K3) dan Work Overload Terhadap Job Stress pada Karyawan PT. Bahari Utama Karya. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis.
Saputra, H. (2021). Pengaruh Work Engagement Dan Stress Kerja Terhadap Turnover Intention Karyawan Dengan Kepuasan Kerja Sebagai Intervening Studi Di PT. Kapal Api Cabang Kebumen. Universitas Putra Bangsa.
Saraswati, K. D. (2019). Work engagement: The impact of psychological capital and organizational justice and its influence on turnover Intention. J. Mgt. Mkt. Review, 4(1), 86–91.
Schaufeli, & Bakker. (2006). Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde? On The Differences Between Work Engangement and Workaholism. Edward Elgard Publishing.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 701–716.
Schultz, D., & Schultz, S. E. (2015). Psychology and Work Today: Pearson New International (CourseSmar). Routledge.
Schwepker Jr, C. H., & Dimitriou, C. K. (2021). Using ethical leadership to reduce job stress and improve performance quality in the hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 94, 102860.
Sekiguchi, T. (2004). Person Organization Fit and person Job Fit in Employee Selection: A Review of The Literature. Osaka Keidai Ronshu, 54(6), 179–196.
Sugiyanto. (2013). Beban Kerja: Konsep dan Pengukuran. Buletin Psikologi, 1, 2.
Tomás, J. M., de los Santos, S., Georgieva, S., & Enrique, S. (2018). Utrecht work engagement scale in Dominican teachers: Dimensionality, reliability, and validity. Revista de Psicología Del Trabajo y de Las Organizaciones, 34(2), 89–93.
To?c?, A., Ioni??, C., St?nescu, D. F., & Stanciu, A. (2019). Innovative Solutions For Online Recruitment-Gamified Assessment. Postmodern Openings/Deschideri Postmoderne, 10(1).
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Perspectives on Models of Job Performance. International Journal of Selection And Assessment, 8.
Wang, C. H., & Chen, H. T. (2020). Relationships among workplace incivility, work engagement and job performance. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 3(4).
Wolor, C. W. (2019). The Effect of Work Stress, Compensation and Motivation on the Performance of Sales People. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change.
Yakobi, O. (2018). Determinants of association and dissociation between subjective and objective measures of workload. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 62(1), 222–226.
Yang, J., Pu, B., & Guan, Z. (2019). Entrepreneurial leadership and turnover intention of employees: The role of affective commitment and person-job fit. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2380.
Yazgan, E., Erdi, S. E. R. T., & ??M?EK, D. (2021). Overview of Studies on the Cognitive Workload of the Air Traffic Controller. International Journal of Aviation Science and Technology, 2(1), 28–36.
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