Narrative Inquiry Dalam Desain Naratif Game
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Published:
Jul 11, 2022
Keywords:
game study, narrative-based game, narrative design, narrative inquiry
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Computer Science
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Abstract
Storytelling is a part of human life long before writing. In the digital era, where images, audio, video, and text are used together, it unlocks new possibilities in delivering narratives, for instance, games. Narrative-based games have a long history. With increasingly sophisticated graphics technology, making it more and more popular. This study demonstrates a unique approach to game narrative design using the narrative inquiry method. Narrative Inquiry captures and analyzes life stories, then documents life events in their quintessence. The game tells the story of young entrepreneurs' journey in building their business, focuses on the elements of entrepreneurial skills required, and aims to motivate the entrepreneurial intention of the players. This research was conducted in three stages: narrative collection, narrative analysis, and scenario creation. Interviews were conducted with four young entrepreneurs from various businesses to collect narratives. Narrative analysis was carried out using a thematic approach. The narratives were transcribed, categorized, and cross-referenced among stories. The results were compiled as a game plot, then developed into a complete scenario with attention to the original narrative text. This example will provide a fresh perspective to designing game narratives from real life stories.
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Nurcahyo, W., Novianti Madhona Faizah and Luky Fabrianto (2022) “Narrative Inquiry Dalam Desain Naratif Game”, Jurnal Mantik, 6(2), pp. 1630-1640. doi: 10.35335/mantik.v6i2.2506.
References
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Bell, J. S. (2002). Narrative Inquiry: More Than Just Telling Stories. TESOL Quarterly, 36(2), 207. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588331
Berger, R. (2020). Dramatic Storytelling & Narrative Design: A Writer’s Guide to Video Games and Transmedia. CRC Press.
Breault, M. (2020). Narrative Design: The Craft of Writing for Games. CRC Press.
Cameron, K. (2017). Narrative and Gameplay Design in the Story-Driven Videogame: a Case Study on the Last of Us. Auckland University of Technology.
Cavallaro, D. (2010). Anime and the visual novel?: narrative structure, design and play at the crossroads of animation and computer games. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
Çetin, E. (2021). Digital storytelling in teacher education and its effect on the digital literacy of pre-service teachers. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 39, 100760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100760
Clandinin, D. J., & Rosiek, J. (2007). Mapping a Landscape of Narrative Inquiry. In D. J. Clandinin (Ed.), Handbook of narrative inquiry: mapping a methodology (pp. 35–76). Sage Publications Inc.
Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1990). Stories of Experience and Narrative Inquiry. Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X019005002
Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (2006). Narrative Inquiry. In J. L. Green, G. Camilli, P. B. Elmore, A. Skukauskaiti, & E. Grace (Eds.), Handbook of Complementary Methods in Education Research (pp. 477–488). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Dussault, J. (2017). Empathy games tread thin line between “edutainment” and virtual voyeurism - CSMonitor.com. Https://Www.Csmonitor.Com/. https://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2017/0920/Empathy-games-tread-thin-line-between-edutainment-and-virtual-voyeurism
GamingScan. (2021). 2022 Gaming Industry Statistics, Trends & Data (Biggest Study). https://www.gamingscan.com/gaming-statistics/
Haas, L., Vasinda, S., McLeod, J., & Tussey, J. T. (2021). Expanding Family Literacy through Video Game Playographies. Journal of Literacy and Technology, 22(1).
Hausknecht, M., Ammanabrolu, P., Côté, M. A., & Yuan, X. (2020). Interactive fiction games: A colossal adventure. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 34(5), 7903–7910. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6297
Herman, D. (2013). Modernist life writing and nonhuman lives: Ecologies of experience in virginia woolf’s flush. MFS - Modern Fiction Studies, 59(3), 547–568. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2013.0034
Hong, S., Kang, J.-A., & Hubbard, G. T. (2018). The Effects of Founder’s Storytelling Advertising. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(3), 1–10. https://www.abacademies.org/abstract/the-effects-of-founders-storytelling-advertising-7518.html
Ibrahim, E. N. M., Jamali, N., & Suhaimi, A. I. H. (2021). Exploring gamification design elements for mental health support. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, 8(74), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.19101/IJATEE.2020.S1762123
James, A. H., Watkins, D., & Carrier, J. (2022). Perceptions and experiences of leadership in undergraduate nurse education: A narrative inquiry. Nurse Education Today, 111(September 2021), 105313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105313
Johnson, K. (2008). Lost cause, an interactive film project. Proceeding of the 16th ACM International Conference on Multimedia - MM ’08, 569. https://doi.org/10.1145/1459359.1459435
Kalmpourtzis, G. (2019). Educational Game Design Fundamentals: A Journey to Creating Intrinsically Motivating Learning Experiences. In Educational Game Design Fundamentals. CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351804721
Koenitz, H., Ferri, G., Haahr, M., Sezen, D., & Sezen, T. ?. (2015). A Concise History of Interactive Digital Narrative. In H. Koenitz, G. Ferri, M. Haahr, D. Sezen, & T. ?. Sezen (Eds.), Interactive Digital Narrative: History, Theory and Practice (pp. 11–21). Routledge.
Kolhoff, L., & Nack, F. (2019). How Relevant Is Your Choice? In R. E. Cardona-Rivera, A. Sullivan, & R. M. Young (Eds.), Interactive Storytelling (pp. 73–85). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33894-7_9
Lacombe, P., Féraud, G., & Rivière, C. (2020). Writing an interactive story. CRC Press.
Lankoski, P. (2010). Character-driven Game Design: A Design Approach and Its Foundations in Character Engagement. Aalto University.
Larsen, B. A., & Schoenau-Fog, H. (2016). The Narrative Quality of Game Mechanics. In F. Nack & A. S. Gordon (Eds.), Interactive Storytelling (Vol. 10045). Springer International Publishing.
Lebowitz, J., & Klug, C. (2011). Interactive Storytelling for Video Games: A Player-Centered Approach to Creating Memorable Characters and Stories. Elsevier Inc.
Leitch, R. (2018). On being transgressive in educational research! An autoethnography of borders. Irish Educational Studies, 37(2), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1471412
Lessard, S., Caine, V., & Clandinin, D. J. (2018). Exploring neglected narratives: understanding vulnerability in narrative inquiry. Irish Educational Studies, 37(2), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1465835
McGill, K. M. (2022). The Digital Lineage of Narrative: Analyzing Interactive Fiction to Further Understand Game Narrative. In B. Bostan (Ed.), Games and Narrative: Theory and Practice (pp. 77–90). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81538-7_5
Mertova, P., & Webster, L. (2020). Using narrative inquiry as a research method (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Millard, D. E. (2020). Games/Hypertext. Proceedings of the 31st ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, 123–126. https://doi.org/10.1145/3372923.3404775
Mokuria, V. G., & Wandix-White, D. (2021). Cinder and soul: The biography of a historically significant African american school in Dallas, Texas. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 12(1), 76–94.
Morgan-Fleming, B., Riegle, S., & Fryer, W. (2007). Narrative Inquiry in Archival Work. In D. J. Clandinin (Ed.), Handbook of narrative inquiry: mapping a methodology (pp. 81–98). SAGE Publications Ltd.
Nasheeda, A., Abdullah, H. B., Krauss, S. E., & Ahmed, N. B. (2019). Transforming Transcripts Into Stories: A Multimethod Approach to Narrative Analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 160940691985679. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919856797
Newman, R. (2009). Cinematic game secrets for creative directors and producers: inspired techniques from industry legends. Elsevier, Inc.
Nurcahyo, W., Wibawa, B., & Rusmono, R. (2020). Entrepreneurship education game for high school students based on Indonesian national work competency standards: The scenario development. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(4 Special Issue), 1589–1600.
O’ Grady, G. (2018). An entry into a creative, rhizomatic narrative inquiry into young people’s identity construction. Irish Educational Studies, 37(2), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1471411
O’ Toole, J. (2018). Institutional storytelling and personal narratives: reflecting on the ‘value’ of narrative inquiry. Irish Educational Studies, 37(2), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1465839
Perez’s, J. P., Poblete, J. D., & Giray, L. V. (2022). A Narrative Inquiry Into the Role of Social Media in Online Businesses in the Philippines. Professional Discourse & Communication, 4(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2022-4-1-37-45
Pinnegar, S., & Daynes, J. G. (2007). Locating Narrative Inquiry Historically: Thematics in the Turn to Narrative. In D. J. Clandinin (Ed.), Handbook of narrative inquiry: mapping a methodology (pp. 3–34). Sage Publications, Inc.
Polkinghorne, D. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. In SUNY Series in Philosophy of the Social Sciences. State University of New York Press.
Powell, A. (2020). True stories: Storytelling and empathy in None in Three’s digital game narratives. Book 2.0, 10(1), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1386/btwo_00022_1
Rahiem, M. D. H. (2021). Storytelling in early childhood education: Time to go digital. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-021-00081-x
Rahiem, M. D. H., Ersing, R., Krauss, S. E., & Rahim, H. (2021). Narrative inquiry in disaster research: An examination of the use of personal stories from the child survivors of the 2004 Aceh tsunami. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 65(March), 102544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102544
Riessman, C. K. (2005). Narrative Analysis. In C. Horrocks, B. Roberts, K. Milnes, N. Kelly, & D. Robinson (Eds.), Narrative, Memory & Everyday Life (pp. 1–7). University of Huddersfield. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/4920/2/Chapter_1_-_Catherine_Kohler_Riessman.pdf&embedded=true
Schell, J. (2020). The art of game design?: a book of lenses (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
Solarski, C. (2017). Interactive stories and video game art: A storytelling framework for game design. In Interactive Stories and Video Game Art: A Storytelling Framework for Game Design. CRC Press.
Thompson Long, B., & Hall, T. (2018). Educational narrative inquiry through design-based research: designing digital storytelling to make alternative knowledge visible and actionable. Irish Educational Studies, 37(2), 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1465836
Topouzova, L. (2021). Truth and subjectivity in narrative inquiry: augmented reality & digital storytelling in the university classroom. Journal of Visual Literacy, 40(2), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/1051144X.2021.1902045
Trebilcock, J., & Griffiths, C. (2022). Student motivations for studying criminology: A narrative inquiry. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 22(3), 480–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895821993843
Wallace, K. (2014). Demon Slayers: Gaming Tackles Real Issues - Game Informer. Https://Www.Gameinformer.Com/. https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2014/06/25/demon-slayers-gaming-tackles-real-issues.aspx
Webster, L., & Mertova, P. (2007). Using narrative inquiry as a research method: An introduction to using critical event narrative analysis in research on learning and teaching. In Using Narrative Inquiry as a Research Method: An Introduction to Using Critical Event Narrative Analysis in Research on Learning and Teaching. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203946268
Wei, G. (2021). Imagined professional identity: A narrative inquiry into a Chinese teacher’s perezhivaniya in life. Teaching and Teacher Education, 102, 103337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103337
Wertz, F. J., Charmaz, K., McMullen, L. M., Josselson, R., Anderson, R., & McSpadden, E. (2011). Five ways of doing qualitative analysis: phenomenological psychology, grounded theory, discourse analysis, narrative research, and intuitive inquiry. The Guilford Press.
Bell, J. S. (2002). Narrative Inquiry: More Than Just Telling Stories. TESOL Quarterly, 36(2), 207. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588331
Berger, R. (2020). Dramatic Storytelling & Narrative Design: A Writer’s Guide to Video Games and Transmedia. CRC Press.
Breault, M. (2020). Narrative Design: The Craft of Writing for Games. CRC Press.
Cameron, K. (2017). Narrative and Gameplay Design in the Story-Driven Videogame: a Case Study on the Last of Us. Auckland University of Technology.
Cavallaro, D. (2010). Anime and the visual novel?: narrative structure, design and play at the crossroads of animation and computer games. McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.
Çetin, E. (2021). Digital storytelling in teacher education and its effect on the digital literacy of pre-service teachers. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 39, 100760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100760
Clandinin, D. J., & Rosiek, J. (2007). Mapping a Landscape of Narrative Inquiry. In D. J. Clandinin (Ed.), Handbook of narrative inquiry: mapping a methodology (pp. 35–76). Sage Publications Inc.
Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1990). Stories of Experience and Narrative Inquiry. Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X019005002
Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (2006). Narrative Inquiry. In J. L. Green, G. Camilli, P. B. Elmore, A. Skukauskaiti, & E. Grace (Eds.), Handbook of Complementary Methods in Education Research (pp. 477–488). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Dussault, J. (2017). Empathy games tread thin line between “edutainment” and virtual voyeurism - CSMonitor.com. Https://Www.Csmonitor.Com/. https://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2017/0920/Empathy-games-tread-thin-line-between-edutainment-and-virtual-voyeurism
GamingScan. (2021). 2022 Gaming Industry Statistics, Trends & Data (Biggest Study). https://www.gamingscan.com/gaming-statistics/
Haas, L., Vasinda, S., McLeod, J., & Tussey, J. T. (2021). Expanding Family Literacy through Video Game Playographies. Journal of Literacy and Technology, 22(1).
Hausknecht, M., Ammanabrolu, P., Côté, M. A., & Yuan, X. (2020). Interactive fiction games: A colossal adventure. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 34(5), 7903–7910. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6297
Herman, D. (2013). Modernist life writing and nonhuman lives: Ecologies of experience in virginia woolf’s flush. MFS - Modern Fiction Studies, 59(3), 547–568. https://doi.org/10.1353/mfs.2013.0034
Hong, S., Kang, J.-A., & Hubbard, G. T. (2018). The Effects of Founder’s Storytelling Advertising. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(3), 1–10. https://www.abacademies.org/abstract/the-effects-of-founders-storytelling-advertising-7518.html
Ibrahim, E. N. M., Jamali, N., & Suhaimi, A. I. H. (2021). Exploring gamification design elements for mental health support. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, 8(74), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.19101/IJATEE.2020.S1762123
James, A. H., Watkins, D., & Carrier, J. (2022). Perceptions and experiences of leadership in undergraduate nurse education: A narrative inquiry. Nurse Education Today, 111(September 2021), 105313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2022.105313
Johnson, K. (2008). Lost cause, an interactive film project. Proceeding of the 16th ACM International Conference on Multimedia - MM ’08, 569. https://doi.org/10.1145/1459359.1459435
Kalmpourtzis, G. (2019). Educational Game Design Fundamentals: A Journey to Creating Intrinsically Motivating Learning Experiences. In Educational Game Design Fundamentals. CRC Press. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351804721
Koenitz, H., Ferri, G., Haahr, M., Sezen, D., & Sezen, T. ?. (2015). A Concise History of Interactive Digital Narrative. In H. Koenitz, G. Ferri, M. Haahr, D. Sezen, & T. ?. Sezen (Eds.), Interactive Digital Narrative: History, Theory and Practice (pp. 11–21). Routledge.
Kolhoff, L., & Nack, F. (2019). How Relevant Is Your Choice? In R. E. Cardona-Rivera, A. Sullivan, & R. M. Young (Eds.), Interactive Storytelling (pp. 73–85). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33894-7_9
Lacombe, P., Féraud, G., & Rivière, C. (2020). Writing an interactive story. CRC Press.
Lankoski, P. (2010). Character-driven Game Design: A Design Approach and Its Foundations in Character Engagement. Aalto University.
Larsen, B. A., & Schoenau-Fog, H. (2016). The Narrative Quality of Game Mechanics. In F. Nack & A. S. Gordon (Eds.), Interactive Storytelling (Vol. 10045). Springer International Publishing.
Lebowitz, J., & Klug, C. (2011). Interactive Storytelling for Video Games: A Player-Centered Approach to Creating Memorable Characters and Stories. Elsevier Inc.
Leitch, R. (2018). On being transgressive in educational research! An autoethnography of borders. Irish Educational Studies, 37(2), 159–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1471412
Lessard, S., Caine, V., & Clandinin, D. J. (2018). Exploring neglected narratives: understanding vulnerability in narrative inquiry. Irish Educational Studies, 37(2), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1465835
McGill, K. M. (2022). The Digital Lineage of Narrative: Analyzing Interactive Fiction to Further Understand Game Narrative. In B. Bostan (Ed.), Games and Narrative: Theory and Practice (pp. 77–90). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81538-7_5
Mertova, P., & Webster, L. (2020). Using narrative inquiry as a research method (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Millard, D. E. (2020). Games/Hypertext. Proceedings of the 31st ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media, 123–126. https://doi.org/10.1145/3372923.3404775
Mokuria, V. G., & Wandix-White, D. (2021). Cinder and soul: The biography of a historically significant African american school in Dallas, Texas. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 12(1), 76–94.
Morgan-Fleming, B., Riegle, S., & Fryer, W. (2007). Narrative Inquiry in Archival Work. In D. J. Clandinin (Ed.), Handbook of narrative inquiry: mapping a methodology (pp. 81–98). SAGE Publications Ltd.
Nasheeda, A., Abdullah, H. B., Krauss, S. E., & Ahmed, N. B. (2019). Transforming Transcripts Into Stories: A Multimethod Approach to Narrative Analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 18, 160940691985679. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919856797
Newman, R. (2009). Cinematic game secrets for creative directors and producers: inspired techniques from industry legends. Elsevier, Inc.
Nurcahyo, W., Wibawa, B., & Rusmono, R. (2020). Entrepreneurship education game for high school students based on Indonesian national work competency standards: The scenario development. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(4 Special Issue), 1589–1600.
O’ Grady, G. (2018). An entry into a creative, rhizomatic narrative inquiry into young people’s identity construction. Irish Educational Studies, 37(2), 255–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1471411
O’ Toole, J. (2018). Institutional storytelling and personal narratives: reflecting on the ‘value’ of narrative inquiry. Irish Educational Studies, 37(2), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1465839
Perez’s, J. P., Poblete, J. D., & Giray, L. V. (2022). A Narrative Inquiry Into the Role of Social Media in Online Businesses in the Philippines. Professional Discourse & Communication, 4(1), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.24833/2687-0126-2022-4-1-37-45
Pinnegar, S., & Daynes, J. G. (2007). Locating Narrative Inquiry Historically: Thematics in the Turn to Narrative. In D. J. Clandinin (Ed.), Handbook of narrative inquiry: mapping a methodology (pp. 3–34). Sage Publications, Inc.
Polkinghorne, D. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. In SUNY Series in Philosophy of the Social Sciences. State University of New York Press.
Powell, A. (2020). True stories: Storytelling and empathy in None in Three’s digital game narratives. Book 2.0, 10(1), 99–115. https://doi.org/10.1386/btwo_00022_1
Rahiem, M. D. H. (2021). Storytelling in early childhood education: Time to go digital. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40723-021-00081-x
Rahiem, M. D. H., Ersing, R., Krauss, S. E., & Rahim, H. (2021). Narrative inquiry in disaster research: An examination of the use of personal stories from the child survivors of the 2004 Aceh tsunami. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 65(March), 102544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102544
Riessman, C. K. (2005). Narrative Analysis. In C. Horrocks, B. Roberts, K. Milnes, N. Kelly, & D. Robinson (Eds.), Narrative, Memory & Everyday Life (pp. 1–7). University of Huddersfield. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/4920/2/Chapter_1_-_Catherine_Kohler_Riessman.pdf&embedded=true
Schell, J. (2020). The art of game design?: a book of lenses (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
Solarski, C. (2017). Interactive stories and video game art: A storytelling framework for game design. In Interactive Stories and Video Game Art: A Storytelling Framework for Game Design. CRC Press.
Thompson Long, B., & Hall, T. (2018). Educational narrative inquiry through design-based research: designing digital storytelling to make alternative knowledge visible and actionable. Irish Educational Studies, 37(2), 205–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2018.1465836
Topouzova, L. (2021). Truth and subjectivity in narrative inquiry: augmented reality & digital storytelling in the university classroom. Journal of Visual Literacy, 40(2), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/1051144X.2021.1902045
Trebilcock, J., & Griffiths, C. (2022). Student motivations for studying criminology: A narrative inquiry. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 22(3), 480–497. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895821993843
Wallace, K. (2014). Demon Slayers: Gaming Tackles Real Issues - Game Informer. Https://Www.Gameinformer.Com/. https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2014/06/25/demon-slayers-gaming-tackles-real-issues.aspx
Webster, L., & Mertova, P. (2007). Using narrative inquiry as a research method: An introduction to using critical event narrative analysis in research on learning and teaching. In Using Narrative Inquiry as a Research Method: An Introduction to Using Critical Event Narrative Analysis in Research on Learning and Teaching. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203946268
Wei, G. (2021). Imagined professional identity: A narrative inquiry into a Chinese teacher’s perezhivaniya in life. Teaching and Teacher Education, 102, 103337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103337
Wertz, F. J., Charmaz, K., McMullen, L. M., Josselson, R., Anderson, R., & McSpadden, E. (2011). Five ways of doing qualitative analysis: phenomenological psychology, grounded theory, discourse analysis, narrative research, and intuitive inquiry. The Guilford Press.
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