Journal of Law Science

Application of pancasila industrial relations to the settlement of industrial relations disputes: Field study at PT Parkland World Indonesia Pwi 2 Cikande Serang

2026-06-23T10:01:30+00:00

Industrial relations disputes remain a persistent challenge in Indonesia, often resulting from differences in the interpretation of workers’ rights, employers’ obligations, and the implementation of labor regulations. Although numerous studies have examined dispute resolution mechanisms from legal and procedural perspectives, limited research has explored the practical application of Pancasila values as a normative and ethical foundation for industrial relations at the enterprise level. This study aims to analyze the implementation of Pancasila principles in resolving industrial relations disputes at PT Parkland World Indonesia (PWI) 2 Cikande, Serang, and to evaluate their contribution to achieving harmonious, equitable, and sustainable labor relations. The research employed an empirical juridical approach using field research, with data collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis involving company management, workers, and labor union representatives. The findings reveal that deliberation (musyawarah), consensus (mufakat), social justice, and mutual respect constitute the primary principles guiding bipartite negotiations before formal litigation, thereby reducing conflict escalation and fostering cooperative industrial relations. The novelty of this study lies in integrating Pancasila as both a constitutional legal foundation and a practical dispute-resolution framework within a manufacturing industry setting. These findings provide theoretical enrichment for Indonesian industrial relations law and offer practical recommendations for employers, labor unions, and policymakers to institutionalize Pancasila-based dispute resolution as a strategy for promoting industrial harmony and preventing prolonged labor conflicts.

Civil legal protection for land sale and purchase agreements in Serang city, Banten

2026-05-23T03:39:52+00:00

This study discusses civil legal protection for land sale and purchase agreements in Serang City, which still face various problems, such as ownership disputes, document forgery, default, and non-compliance with land administration procedures. The purpose of this study is to analyze the forms of civil legal protection in the implementation of land sale and purchase agreements and to identify factors that influence the effectiveness of legal protection for the parties. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory and conceptual approach. Data were obtained through a literature review of laws and regulations, books, journals, and legal documents related to land sale and purchase. The results of the study indicate that civil legal protection for land sale and purchase agreements in Serang City is basically regulated in the Civil Code, the Basic Agrarian Law, and other land regulations. Legal protection is provided through the validity of the agreement, certainty of land rights, mandatory land registration, and dispute resolution through litigation and non-litigation channels. However, its implementation still faces obstacles in the form of low public understanding of legal procedures, lack of accuracy in document examination, and weak supervision of land administration. Therefore, it is necessary to increase legal socialization, optimize land services, and strengthen the role of land deed officials to provide certainty and more effective legal protection for the community in land sale and purchase transactions

Generation z’s critical attitude toward digital misinformation among tiktok

2026-06-27T10:06:07+00:00

The rapid development of digital technology has transformed social media into a primary source of information, particularly for Generation Z. Among various platforms, TikTok facilitates rapid information dissemination but simultaneously increases users' exposure to hoaxes and misinformation. Although previous studies have widely examined digital literacy and misinformation, limited research has specifically explored how Generation Z develops critical attitudes toward hoaxes on TikTok through everyday information verification practices. Addressing this gap, this study analyzes Generation Z's critical attitudes toward digital hoaxes on TikTok, identifies the verification strategies they employ, and examines the factors influencing their ability to evaluate information. This study adopted a qualitative descriptive approach involving five Generation Z informants aged 18–25 years who actively use TikTok. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation and analyzed using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña interactive model. The findings indicate that most informants demonstrate critical attitudes by verifying information before believing or sharing it. Their verification practices include checking the credibility of information sources, comparing content across multiple media platforms, examining user discussions in the comment section, and confirming information through official institutions or trusted news outlets. Critical attitudes are influenced by digital literacy, educational background, social environment, prior social media experience, and TikTok's algorithmic characteristics. This study contributes to the literature by providing an in-depth understanding of the interaction between digital literacy, platform-specific characteristics, and critical information evaluation among Generation Z. The findings also offer practical insights for developing digital literacy programs aimed at strengthening resilience against online misinformation.

A legal analysis of community rejection of the landfill designation policy in Bangkonol village, Koroncong district, from a criminal law perspective

2026-05-21T05:19:39+00:00

This study aims to analyze the legal aspects of public rejection of the policy of establishing a Final Disposal Site (TPA) for waste in Bangkonol Village, Koroncong District, from a criminal law perspective. Public rejection arose in response to concerns about environmental and health impacts, as well as the lack of public involvement in the policy-making process. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory regulatory approach and a case study approach, supported by empirical data as a complement. The results of the study indicate that public rejection is essentially a form of public participation guaranteed by the legal system, but in practice it has the potential to result in criminal legal consequences if carried out in unlawful ways, such as destroying public facilities, obstructing government projects, or other anarchic actions. On the other hand, the government also has an obligation to ensure that the policies adopted have met the principles of legality, transparency, and justice, including the implementation of an environmental impact analysis (AMDAL) and outreach to affected communities. From a criminal law perspective, it is important to assess the elements of fault (mens rea) and unlawful acts (actus reus) in every act of rejection. Therefore, a balanced approach between law enforcement and the protection of community rights is needed to prevent excessive criminalization of citizens and encourage dialogical and just conflict resolution. This research is expected to contribute to the development of more responsive public policies oriented toward community interests.

The role of parents: Addressing elementary school children’s gadget addiction through traditional games

2026-06-20T03:42:05+00:00

The rapid development of technology—particularly the use of gadgets among children—is increasingly threatening the survival of traditional games, which are beginning to disappear and are no longer played by elementary school-aged children. While the roles of schools, communities, and organizations have been discussed in previous studies, there has been no discussion of the role of parents in preserving traditional games. This study aims to examine the role of parents as both subjects and the “first school” for children at home in guiding and teaching traditional games to their children, as well as the role of parents in fulfilling their obligations as the “first school” for children in the home environment. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach using in-depth interviews with 18 informants, consisting of parents, children, and teachers. The results of this study indicate that parents in Tenggilisrejo Village are adequately fulfilling their responsibilities in teaching their children some of the traditional games they know, although not very frequently, with obstacles such as a lack of play areas and peers. It is hoped that synergy between parents, teachers or schools, and the community can foster collaboration to ensure that traditional games are preserved and to create a balance amid technological advancements.

A civil law review of shopee paylater default dispute resolution in Indonesia

2026-06-17T06:52:17+00:00

The development of financial technology in Indonesia has driven the increasing use of credit-based digital payment services, one of which is Shopee PayLater. Although this service provides easy transactions and access to financing for the public, its use has also given rise to various legal issues, particularly related to default by users in fulfilling payment obligations. Previous research has generally focused on consumer protection aspects or the general mechanism of paylater services, while studies specifically analyzing default dispute resolution in the legal relationship between users and Shopee PayLater service providers are still limited. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the civil law review regarding default dispute resolution on Shopee PayLater in Indonesia and examine the forms of legal protection for the parties based on applicable laws and regulations. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Data were obtained through a literature review sourced from the Civil Code, the Consumer Protection Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and the Financial Services Authority regulations regarding technology-based financial services. The results of this study indicate that the legal relationship between users and Shopee PayLater service providers constitutes a valid and binding electronic debt-receivable agreement based on the principle of freedom of contract as stipulated in Article 1338 of the Civil Code. Default by users results in legal consequences in the form of obligations to fulfill performance, payment of fines, and possible claims for damages. Dispute resolution can be carried out through non-litigation channels, such as negotiation, mediation, and payment restructuring, or through litigation in court. The novelty of this study lies in a comprehensive analysis of the legal construction of electronic agreements, default dispute resolution mechanisms, and legal protection for parties in the Shopee PayLater service as part of the fintech lending ecosystem. This research contributes to providing conceptual strengthening for regulatory development and improving public legal and financial literacy in the use of paylater services in Indonesia.

Examining the role of Islamic higher education legal aid organizations in realizing justice through legal aid

2026-06-24T08:26:46+00:00

While equal access to justice is a fundamental human entitlement, the marginalized poor still face immense barriers in securing it. Within Islamic Higher Education Institutions (PTAI), University Legal Aid Centers (OBH PTAI) are mandated to bridge this gap, translating the Islamic principle of mutual assistance (al-mu'awanah) into academic community service. However, prior research heavily centers on the abstract theological and normative value of these campus clinics, leaving a critical gap in assessing their operational performance. To address this omission, this study employs a statute approach (pendekatan perundang-undangan) alongside a conceptual framework. This legal approach allows for a rigorous examination of the prevailing laws, government regulations, and institutional mandates that govern legal aid delivery in Indonesia. By analyzing these statutory frameworks, the study evaluates how OBH PTAIs.The final analysis uncovers a sharp. Even though OBH PTAIs bear identical statutory weights and legal responsibilities under the law as other formal legal aid organizations, their actual, real-world contributions to dismantling injustice for disenfranchised communities remain heavily constrained and underutilized.

Work-skill development for death row prisoners: A labour law and human rights perspective

2026-06-06T04:40:41+00:00

This study examines work-skill development for death row prisoners in Indonesian correctional institutions from the perspectives of correctional law, labour law, and human rights. The central gap addressed in this article is the absence of a specific legal framework that determines whether, how, and under what safeguards death row prisoners may participate in work-skill development programs. This study uses normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials are analyzed through grammatical, systematic, and teleological interpretation, combined with doctrinal reasoning on the hierarchy of norms, restriction of rights, and state responsibility. The analysis shows that Indonesian correctional law recognizes prisoners’ rights to guidance, occupational safety, wages, or work-performance premiums, while human rights law requires humane treatment and protection of inherent dignity. However, the current framework does not specifically regulate death row prisoners, creating legal uncertainty, institutional discretion, unequal access, and risks of exploitation. The novelty of this article lies in the formulation of “custodial vocational protection” as a normative model that distinguishes rights-based work-skill development from ordinary employment and exploitative prison labour. This article argues that death row prisoners are not workers in a conventional employment relationship, but they remain legal subjects whose participation in correctional work programs must be voluntary, safe, non-discriminatory, psychologically assessed, fairly incentivized, and institutionally accountable.

Effectiveness of population administration services at the Ciruas district office, Serang regency

2026-05-26T09:42:47+00:00

Population administration services are a form of public service that plays a crucial role in meeting the needs of the community for population documents, such as Identity Cards (KTP), Family Cards (KK), birth certificates, and other administrative documents. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of population administration services in Ciruas District, Serang Regency, and to identify factors that influence the quality of service to the community. The research method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. Research informants consisted of sub-district officials and community users of population administration services. The results of the study indicate that population administration services at the Ciruas District Office have been running quite effectively, seen from the aspects of timeliness of service, ease of procedures, and employee responsiveness to community needs. The use of information technology also helps expedite the administrative service process. However, several obstacles remain, such as limited facilities and infrastructure, disruption of the population administration system network, and a low understanding of some community members regarding the administrative requirements that must be met. Supporting factors for service effectiveness include apparatus competence, coordination between employees, and commitment to providing excellent service to the community. This study concludes that the effectiveness of population administration services in Ciruas District, Serang Regency is quite good, but still requires improvements in aspects of service facilities, strengthening digital systems, and socialization to the community so that public services can run more optimally, quickly, and transparently.

Policy analysis of the mbg program from the perspective of food security and nutrition for school children case study at senior high school 1 Pandeglang

2026-05-26T09:52:26+00:00

The Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG) is one of the government's strategic policies to improve the quality of human resources by fulfilling students' nutritional needs. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the MBG Program policy from the perspective of food security and nutrition for school children at Senior high school 1 Pandeglang. The research focuses on the effectiveness of program implementation, its contribution to fulfilling students' nutritional needs, and its impact on food security in the school environment. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. Research informants consisted of school officials, students, program implementers, and parents. The results show that the implementation of the MBG Program at Senior high school 1 Pandeglang has a positive impact on improving students' nutritional intake, improving learning concentration, and reducing unhealthy food consumption habits in the school environment. This program also supports food security efforts by providing affordable and sustainable nutritious food for students. However, the program implementation still faces several obstacles, such as budget limitations, menu variations, and suboptimal monitoring of food nutritional quality. Therefore, synergy between the government, schools, and the community is needed to increase the effectiveness of MBG policies so that the goal of improving the quality of student health and education can be optimally achieved. This research is expected to serve as a reference in developing food and nutrition policies for school children in Indonesia.

The role of advocates in achieving justice and legal certainty for the community in Banten Province

2026-05-25T10:49:53+00:00

Advocates hold a strategic position as law enforcers who play a role in providing legal aid, assistance, defense, and protection of the community's rights in obtaining access to justice. Amidst the com-plexity of legal issues faced by the community, the presence of advocates is crucial to bridge the gap in legal understanding, especially for community groups with economic, social, and educational limitations. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation of advocates, justice seekers, and related institutions in Banten Province. The results of the study indicate that the role of advocates in realizing justice and legal certainty in Banten Province has been carried out through legal consultation functions, litigation and non-litigation assistance, and the provision of free legal aid (pro bono). However, the implementation of this role still faces various obstacles, such as low public legal awareness, limited access to legal services in certain areas, and less than optimal synergy between advocates, the government, and legal aid institutions. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the role of advocates through increased professionalism, equitable distribution of legal aid services, and more effective collaboration with various parties to create a legal system that is fair, certain, and in favor of the public interest. This research is expected to provide both academic and practical contributions to strengthening the role of advocates as a pillar of justice in Banten Province

Progressive islam's efforts to build ecological justice in Indonesia: A constitutional jihad approach and legal advocacy with muhammadiyah

2026-06-25T10:35:21+00:00

Ecological degradation and inewuitable natural resource governance in Indonesia reveal a significant gap between constitutional guarantees of the right to a healthy environment and the implementation of public policies. Prevous studies have generally examined Muhammadiyah’s constitutional jihad and legal advocacy separately, leaving the relationship between these two approaches as a strategy of Progressive Islam for achieving ecological justice insufficiently explored. This study aims to analyse the concept and practice of Muhammadiyah’s constitutional jihad and the role of legal advocacy jihad in addressing legal injustice and public policy issues. The novelty of this research lies in proposing an integrated framework that combines constitutional jihad as a structural legal reform strategy with legal advocacy jihad as a community based mechanism for protecting public rights. This qualitative study employs research approach by analysing academic literature, legal documents, judicial review decisions, and official Muhammadiyah publications. The findings demonstrate that constitutional jihad and legal advocacy jihad complement one another through constitutional litigation, policy advocacy, community empowerment, and public participation to promote ecological justice. This study contributes to the development of Islamic legal studies and constitutionalism law by offering an integratve model of transformative da’wah that strengthens constitutionalism, environmental protection, and social justice in Indonesia.

Implementation of civil law in resolving inheritance disputes in Banten province

2026-05-23T04:36:22+00:00

This study aims to analyze the implementation of civil law in resolving inheritance disputes in Banten Province. Inheritance disputes are a common legal problem in society due to differences in understanding regarding the distribution of inheritance, weak administration of property ownership, and conflicts of interest between heirs. These conditions give rise to disputes that can disrupt family relationships and social stability. This study uses a qualitative research method with an empirical juridical approach. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, documentation, and literature studies related to civil law and inheritance dispute resolution. Data analysis was conducted descriptively to describe the implementation of civil law in the practice of inheritance dispute resolution in Banten society. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of civil law in resolving inheritance disputes in Banten Province has not been running optimally. Contributing factors include the community's low understanding of inheritance law provisions, the strong influence of local customs and culture, and a lack of public awareness in preparing legal documents such as wills and ownership deeds. Inheritance dispute resolution is generally carried out through family deliberations, mediation, and court channels if the conflict cannot be resolved amicably. The role of government officials, community leaders, and judicial institutions is crucial in providing legal education and ensuring legal certainty for disputing parties. This research is expected to contribute to the development of civil law studies and provide input for the government and community in creating fair, effective, and legally certain inheritance dispute resolution.

The dynamics of patriarchy as a cultural system in the social life of arab communities

2026-06-18T07:54:18+00:00

This study examines patriarchal culture as a dynamic cultural system among the Arab ethnic community in Kebonsari Village, Pasuruan City, comparing their perspectives and experiences with those of the surrounding non-Arab community. Using a comparative case study design grounded in Walby's (1990) theory of patriarchy, this study employed semi structured interviews and non-participant observation with 13 purposively sampled informants across three categories: household heads, married women, and the younger generation. Findings show that patriarchal authority operates unevenly across Walby's structures: the domestic sphere has undergone the most visible renegotiation, with joint decision-making replacing unilateral male authority, while culture remains the most stable structure, sustained through religious and lineage-based norms. Paid employment proves selectively restricted: women gain financial independence yet remain constrained in formal employment. Notably, variation in parental control over daughters' mobility appears as pronounced within the Arab community itself as between Arab and non-Arab groups, indicating that the persistence of patriarchal culture cannot be explained by ethnicity alone. These findings extend prior research on Indonesian patriarchal culture beyond textual and family level analyses, and offer policymakers an empirical basis for developing culturally responsive, rather than uniform, gender-equality programs.

Students perspectives on popular narratives of romantic relationships from the perspective of moral values

2026-06-20T11:22:24+00:00

In the digital era, popular narratives on social media have significantly shaped Generation Z’s views on romantic relationships, often promoting temporary interactions such as situationship, toxic relationship, talking stage, and marriage is scary, which potentially conflict with traditional moral values. This study aims to explore students’ perspectives on popular narratives of romantic relationships from the perspective of moral values at PGRI Wiranegara University. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation from purposively selected Generation Z students who had romantic relationship experience and exposure to digital narratives. Data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model with source, methodological, and temporal triangulation to ensure validity. The results show that students are familiar with various popular narratives spread through TikTok and Instagram, yet they do not accept them passively. Moral values especially responsibility, honesty, loyalty, and mutual respect serve as the main filter in evaluating these narratives, strengthened by family, religion, personal experience, peers, and campus character education. In conclusion, students actively use their moral values to critically assess popular narratives, highlighting the importance of strengthening digital literacy and moral education so that Generation Z can navigate digital culture responsibly.

Small narrative as a way to prevent human trafficking in East Nusa Tenggara Province-Indonesia

2026-06-24T05:27:38+00:00

There is a belief that small stories or testimonies from former migrant workers can provide new insights to anyone who wants to become a migrant worker to avoid being trapped in human trafficking syndicates. Efforts to combat the modus operandi of human trafficking, namely fraud, can be avoided because there is new knowledge sourced from the real experiences of former migrant workers. Therefore, in completing this research, the main problem is how can former migrant workers avoid human trafficking syndicates? This main problem is analyzed philosophically using Lyotard's perspective. In answering the main problem, we conducted in-depth interviews with former migrant workers. After the data was collected, the data was analyzed and presented again in a narrative. The purpose of this study was to find out how former migrant workers can avoid human trafficking syndicates. The results found that there are former migrant workers who did not become victims of human trafficking because, first, they dared to surrender themselves to the police in the destination country of work. Second, migrant workers from NTT did not become victims of human trafficking because they have family in the destination country who work as foremen. Third, migrant workers from NTT were avoided because they had a good attitude. Fourth, there is a connection with the origin community at the destination. This research can contribute to efforts to raise awareness among individuals seeking to become migrant workers to avoid human trafficking syndicates.

Agrarian reform and social justice in the perspective of indonesian agrarian law: A systematic literature review

2026-06-15T06:34:45+00:00

Agrarian reform is a crucial instrument in Indonesian agrarian law, aimed at reducing inequality in land ownership and achieving social justice as mandated by the constitution. Although the normative framework for agrarian reform has long been established through the Basic Agrarian Law and its various derivative policies, the realization of these objectives still faces fundamental challenges both at the regulatory and implementation levels. This study aims to systematically examine the development of scientific studies on agrarian reform and its relationship to the concept of social justice from the perspective of Indonesian agrarian law. The method used is a systematic literature review by analyzing journal articles, scientific books, laws and regulations, and relevant court decisions published within a specific period. The results of the study indicate that the agrarian law literature highlights a discrepancy between the normative objectives of agrarian reform and its implementation practices, particularly regarding the protection of land rights for smallholders and indigenous communities. Furthermore, the dominance of administrative and sectoral approaches in land management is considered not to fully reflect the principle of substantive social justice. This study concludes that achieving social justice through agrarian reform requires strengthening regulatory consistency, a legal approach oriented toward substantive justice, and an active role for the state in ensuring legal certainty and protection of land rights. This study is expected to provide a conceptual contribution to the development of agrarian law and serve as an academic and policy reference for implementing equitable agrarian reform.

Implementation of good governance principles to improve the quality of administrative services in Panancangan village, Serang city

2026-05-26T09:34:20+00:00

The principles of good governance studied include transparency, accountability, public participation, effectiveness, efficiency, and responsiveness of government officials in providing public services to the community. The background of this research is based on the importance of fast, accurate, and transparent administrative services as part of efforts to realize good governance at the village level. The research method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation of village officials and the community as users of administrative services. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of good governance principles in Panancangan Village has been running quite well, especially in the aspects of transparency of service information and apparatus responsiveness to community needs. However, several obstacles were still found, such as limited service facilities, low community participation in monitoring public services, and the less than optimal use of administrative technology. The application of good governance principles has been proven to have a positive impact on improving the quality of administrative services, marked by increased public satisfaction, the effectiveness of the service process, and the creation of better relationships between the village government and the community. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the capacity of the apparatus, strengthen the digital-based service system, and more active community participation to support the creation of professional, transparent, and accountable public services in the Panancangan Subdistrict, Serang City.

Analysis of the implementation of flood disaster management policy reviewed from law number 24 of 2007 concerning disaster management in Banten province

2026-05-26T10:10:01+00:00

Banten Province is one of the regions with a high level of flood vulnerability due to rainfall, environmental damage, land conversion, and low public awareness of disaster mitigation. This study uses a qualitative research method with a normative and empirical juridical approach through literature studies, observations, and analysis of the implementation of local government policies in flood disaster management. The results show that the implementation of disaster management policies in Banten Province has referred to the principles stipulated in Law Number 24 of 2007, covering the pre-disaster, emergency response, and post-disaster stages. However, policy implementation still faces various obstacles, such as limited facilities and infrastructure, poor coordination between agencies, minimal disaster education for the community, and weak supervision of regional spatial planning. In addition, community participation in disaster mitigation and preparedness is still not optimal. The local government through the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) has made various efforts, such as compiling disaster hazard maps, mitigation outreach, and emergency response during floods, but their effectiveness still needs to be improved. This study concludes that the successful implementation of flood disaster management policies in Banten Province requires synergy between the government, the community, and other stakeholders to create an effective, integrated, and sustainable disaster management system in accordance with the mandate of laws and regulations.

Constitutional law analysis of the elimination of the phrase "assignment of the chief of police" in constitutional court decision no. 114/puu-xxiii/2025

2026-05-25T11:04:12+00:00

This abstract examines the constitutional law analysis of the deletion of the phrase "assignment of the Chief of Police" in Constitutional Court Decision No. 114/PUU-XXIII/2025 and its implications for the principle of state apparatus neutrality. The decision issued by the Constitutional Court sparked debate regarding the limits of the Chief of Police's authority in the context of institutional assignments, particularly those that intersect with political and state administrative interests. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach to examine the ratio decision in the decision and its compliance with the principles of the rule of law and constitutional democracy. The results show that the deletion of the phrase is an attempt by the Constitutional Court to emphasize the importance of limiting power and maintaining the independence of the police institution from potential political intervention. From a constitutional law perspective, this decision strengthens the principle of state apparatus neutrality as part of the principles of professionalism and impartiality in governance. However, on the other hand, there are practical implications in the form of a potential normative vacuum regarding the assignment mechanism that was previously explicitly regulated, thus requiring further regulatory adjustments. In conclusion, the Constitutional Court's ruling not only has a legal dimension but also impacts institutional governance and the ethics of state administration. Therefore, regulatory harmonization and strengthened oversight are needed to ensure that the principle of state apparatus neutrality is consistently maintained in Indonesian state administration practices